Glossary
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Introduction
In
researching Calcutta history one often comes across words, which are not
immediately understood any more, or are unknown to people from outside
India. For this we have set out a
glossary underneath. In addition to that
we also have a list of measurements and currencies in use in the 1940s as well
as a calendar of the 1940s.
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Words & Terms Explained
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This is a glossary
of terms and abbreviations both English and from Indian languages relevant to
Calcutta.
Some
words might not have been very common in the 1940s any more. Other terms might have been used more in
’upcountry contexts’. Both groups of words are however included as it was
difficult to ascertain that they were not used during them time or by anyone
writing about it.
Also
included are short items on relevant persons and organisations.
This
gloassary is like everything at Calcutta1940s and ongoing work, so if there are any mistakes or terms you do
not find let us know via e-mail to info@calcutta1940s.org and we will do out best to answer and ad the
new terms and corrections to our lists.
Abbrevations:
(beng.) = Bengali; (hind.) = Hindustani/Hindi term, (mil.sl.) = military slang
(musl.) = muslim term, (orig.) = originally, (pr.) = pronunciation, (sl.)= slang
A great resource for
deciphering special British-Indian terms is:
Sir Henry Yule: “Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial
Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical,
geographical and discursive.”
A very detailed
dictionary of terms peculiar to the English language as used in India during
the British Raj. Many of the terms are
more or less modified version of Persian, Bengali, Hindustani, or Malay words.
The dictionary
was developed in the 19th century and by the 1940s quite a few terms
had died out or changed their meaning (e.g. “Anglo-Indian”). Nevertheless, a
lot where still in use until independence and some time after and many have
also made their way into the modern British English and even more into Indian
English. A vital tool for all
researchers into British Indian life and history.
New ed. edited by
William Crooke, B.A.
London: J.
Murray, 1903.
c
ONLINE Hobson Jobson at DSAL (Digital South Asia Library of the University of Chicago)
This
version can be searched with a search engine.
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hobsonjobson/
The Hobson-Jobson Dictionary at Bibliomania
This sorts
all terms by alphabet as they are presented in the actual book.
http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/260/frameset.html
___0-9______________________________________________________
420
– a term indicating some sort of illegality, after a clause in the Indian
criminal code.
___A________________________________________________________
aam
- mango
abhadra – vulgar crude
abhijata – notable
abwab
– traditional unauthorised charges levied in excess of
the formal rent
accha
/ achcha - good, all right, okay
achkan
(musl.) –
long men’s coat
acharan – character
adhi
– half
adhiar
– sharecropper who needs to pass on half his harvest as rent
adhinayak
– commander
admi
/ aadmi – (hind.) man, men
aftaba
- water pot with spout and handle
Agha
Khan (musl.) –
Indo-Muslim leader of the Ismaili Shiites
agarbattis
- Incense sticks which are burned before the image of a deity.
ague
- Any fever, such as malaria, that recurs at regular intervals (from Medieval
Latin febris acuta, literally, sharp fever)
ahimsa
- Gandhian
doctrin of non-violence / Non-violence (a privative;
hirnsa, violence). This is an ancient Hindu precept, proclaimed by Buddha, by
disciples of Vishnu, and by Mahavira, founder of Jainism.
ahlmads
- Indian clerk
ahmadiya
(musl.) –
most importnat islamic brotherhood in India (deriving fromSunni Islam)
originating in Qadian in the Punjab (Qadiani is another term for them). In
1889, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908) affirmed that he was the final prophet
(mahdi) of Islam and also worshiped Jesus and
ail – landmarker between
two plots of land
aimadar – intermediate tenure
holder, particularly in Burdwan
AIC
(All
AICC
- All India Congress Committee
AIKS
- All India Kisan Sabha
AIML
(All
AIMSC
(All
AIMSF
(All
AIR
– All India Radio
AITUC – All India Trade Union
Congress
akhand
Hindusthan (Greater Hindoustan) – Hinduist project favouring a Greater
India containing Afghanistan, Nepal, Ceylon, Bhutan, Burma and British as well
as princely India
akhra
– gymnasium or sporting club
Allah
kerim! - Allah be merciful!
All
All
India Muslim League (AIML) (musl.) – central organisation of the Muslim League
All
All
almirah
- wardrobe, chest of drawers
alpana
- floor painting with symbols of fertility (fish, bangles, jewellery, footsteps
of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Fortune), drawn with a paste made of rice-powder or
flour mixed with water, usually round or square like a mandala, on such
occasions as weddings, the Lakshmi festival or other functions.
alu
/ aloo - potato
AMERY, Leo,
- Secretary of State for India 1940-5.
amal
– revenue collector
amin
– Indian assistants in land survey duties
amla
– employee of a landlord
amrood
- (hind.) guava
anaras
- (beng.) pineapple
ananas
- (hind.) pineapple
anda
- (hind.) egg
Andamans
–
Islands south of
Anglo-Indian
- or "AI" : Eurasian. Has replaced Eurasian found derogatory. First
meaning before the shift: Creole, Indian born British Anglo-Indians. / between 1919 and
1947, this community re-united the Domiciled Europeans and the racially mixed
population (Half-caste, Half-breed, Mixed Blood, Indo-European, Indo-Briton,
East Indian, Eurasian).
Angrezi
/ Ingrezi- English
anjuman
(musl.) –
Islamic religious association recognised by the British government
anna
- Coin worth 1/16th of a rupee
anushilan
– practice
AP
- Armour piercing (ammunition).
ap
/ aap – (hind.) polite form of “thou” (used to
equals or superiors)
apaman
– insult
Arakan
(musl.) –
Burmese province the northern districts of which are majority Muslim and border
on the district of Chittagong.
archarji
/ acharyaji / acharya - teacher, priest often found in
Brahmin family name (e.g. Bhattarcharya)
arhar
dal - (beng.) split pigeon peas
Arjuna
- hero of the Mahabharata, recipient of Krishna's teachings of the Bhagavad
Gita
arrack
– native spirituous liquor
arre
- Oh!
ARP
– Air Raid Precautions
Aryan
- (lit. Sanskrit - "noble"), people who immigrated to the North of
India three to four thousand years ago
Arya
Samaj (Aryan Society) – moderate hinduist association created by Saraswati
(1824-1883).
ashraf
(musl.) –
Indo-Muslim elite social group / nobility
ashram
- (lit. - "hermitage") spiritual retreat; home of a religious
community or school; place of discipline and service.
ashustho
- untouchable
asil
– (hind.) calm
asli
nahin – (hind.) not real
Associated
Press of
aste
- slowly
asti
bat karo - speak slowly
asura
/ assura - demon
atrap
or ajlaf (musl.) –
social category amongst Indo-Muslims in between the ashrafs and the azrals / commoners
atta
- whole wheat flour
atyachar
– cruelty, oppression
ATTLEE, C. R.
- First Earl. Opposition leader 1935-40; Lord Privy Seal 1940-2; Deputy Prime
Minister 1942-5; Prime Minister 1945-51.
AUCHINLEK, Field Marshal Sir
Claude - Commander-in-Chief India.1941 and
1943-7; Commander-in-Chief Middle East 1941—2; Supreme Commander in India and
Pakistan 1947.auto-rickshaw - noisy, usually fume spitting three wheeled
"taxi"
avataar
- incarnation of a deity, such as "Buddha was the 9th incarnation of
Vishnu"
ayah
- lady’s personal maid , and nanny / nurse-maid for children
ayurveda
- Indian herbal medicine
AZAD, M. A. K.
- Congress President 1940-6
Azad Hind Fauj – Indian National Army,
which fought in Burma with the Japanese against the British.
azan (musl.) – Muslim call to prayer
azral
(musl.) –
modest social category amongst Indo-Muslims.(see ashraf)
___B________________________________________________________
babu / baboo - Hindu gentleman or
clerk. As an insult, an Indian who has some English education.
Babuji - term of respect and
friendliness
babul - thorny mimosa with
aromatic yellow flowers
bachcha / batcha / butcha
- child, infant
badmash / budmaash –
rascal, scoundrel, criminal
badshah / bashaw – King,
lord or master
bagans - gardens
bagardar - sharecropper
bagh - garden
Baghbazar – Hindu Newspaper
quarter in
Bahadur - honorific title of Mughal origin, lit. “brave” bahadur - Term of respect (Hindi for champion)
bahkshikhana - Pay Office
bahut accha / bahoot achcha –
(hind.) very good
bai, behn – (hind.) A kindly way
of addressing a woman.
baida / boida / vaid / vaidya
- ayurvedic doctor, or someone belonging to the Bengali Doctor caste. Some
common surnames of Bengali Baidas are: Gupta, Sen, Das, Dasgupta, Sengpta, Kar,
Rakshit, Datta.
baidyabati – common household
knife
baigan - (hind.)
brinjal/aubergine/eggplant
baipari – agent, tradesman
baisakh – first month of
Bengali calendar (mid April-mid May)
bait – (mil.sl.) food snack
baitoe / bhaitoh -
sit, wait
baja - musical instrument
bakri - (hind.) mutton
(really goatmeat)
baksheesh - gratuity, hence
“buckshee"= free (mil. sl), can be a tip, a bribe or a donation to a
beggar.
balushai - sweetmeat
bandar - monkey
bande mataram – ‘Hail thee
Motherland’, title of a patriotic song written by Bankimchandra Chatterji, the anthem of Indian freedom movement.
bandh - general strike
bandha kopi - (beng.) cabbage
bandobast / bandabast / bundobast / bundabast - Organization, arrangement, preparation, a battalion, household management, a
'pukka bandabast' is an efficient arrangement.
Bangal - from Eastern Bengal,
sometime used as derogatory term.
Bangalore Torpedo - A
length of piping filled with explosive, used for blowing a gap in barbed-wire
entanglements.
banja / bania / banya / bunnia - trade caste, money-lender, or corn merchant, Indian merchant
banyan - Indian fig tree
bap / baap – (hind.) father
Bapu - Familiar title for
father in Gujarati. Used throughout India as a title of respect for M.K.
Gandhi.
baralok – elites, lit. big
people
barga – share
bargadar – sharecroppers who pay
a fixed proportion of the harvest as rent
bari – home
barkandaz – mesenger
Barro Din / Borro Din / Burra Din – Christmas (the Big Day)
basha – (beng.) hut, (mil
sl.) for barrack room, now also used for a local associaton of US - CBI
veterans.
bass / bus - enough, finish
(usually said twice)
bass / bus hogia –
(hind.) finished, ended
bastra – cloth
basket pudding - fruit trifle inside a
burnt sugar casing
basta - cloth wrapped around
a file to keep out dust
bat / baat – (hind.) speech, talk,
language, words
batak - (hind.) duck
batta - Special pay for
Indian sepoys stationed outside India
batul-mal
/ bayt al mal (musl.)
– administration towards the public good carried out by muslim religiouis
authorities
baul - Bengali bard, usually
itinerant
bawarchikhana – (hind.) kitchen
Bayt Allah – house of God, mosque
bazugar - acrobat, tumbler
BBC - British Broadcasting
Corporation
BCS – Bengal Civil Service
bearer - head-servant, buttler,
waiter
Beaufighter Mk VI - A British
long-range fighter with crew of two. Armed with four 20mm cannon and six .303
in machine guns, and eight rockets.
begar – unpaid labour for
landlord
begoon - (beng.)
brinjal/aubergine/eggplant
behosh – delirious
Betki - Sea fish often seved
fried or baked
belati – foreign goods, mainly
from Britain
Belait - anywhere foreign but
to British troops it meant England (hence “Blighty”)
BEM - British Empire Medal
Bengal Army - The most prestigious
of the four British Indian armies.
Bengsam
–
other name for East Pakistan (Bengal and
betki / bekti - a variety of fish
ber - (hind.) Indian plum
besan - chickpea flour
bhaat - (beng.) cooked rice
bhadra – polite, cultivated
bhadralok - Bengali gentleman,
educated upper classes
bhagchasi - sharecropper
Bhagavad Gita - Hindu "Song of
the Divine One"; Krishna's teachings to Arjuna written as a philosophical
dialogue in the form of a long poem of 700
stanzas, part of the Mahabharata.
Bhagini Sena – Sisters’ brigade
bhai / by - brother
bhaian - Hymn.
bhakti - devotion
bhang / bhung - expensive drug
derived from hemp, marijuana-leaf pasted with milk. The traditional drink of
all castes and classes during the Holy festival (Hindi bhag),
Bharat - Hindi name for India
bhavan - house, residence.
bherar mangsho - (beng.) mutton
bheri - (hind.) mutton
bhetki – (beng.) beckti fish
bhetki machchi – (hind.) beckti fish
bhils - marshes or ponds
bhisti - water-carrier orig.
“man of Heaven”
bhoosa - hay, also sawdust
bhuda lok - the grown ups
bhut – ghost, devli
bibi / bint – (mil.sl.) girl
bidi - a tiny amount of
cheap tobacco wrapped in a leaf, tied with some string; contains hardly any
nicotine but hideous amounts of tar
bindi - forehead mark worn by
Hindu women
bioscope - cinema
biplab - rebellion
black water fever - A
type of malaria that causes anemia and brown or black urine due to the
destruction of red blood cells.
BLA – Bengal Labour
Association
BLA – Bengal Legislative
Assembly (Lower House)
BLC – Bengal Legislative
Council (Upper House)
Blighty - the U.K. (from
willayet, the country in Persian)
blimey - From Gorblimey!,
meaning "God blind me"
bobbajee - British name for an
Indian cook.
bohin / bahen / bahain –
(hind.) sister
Bohra
(musl.) –
Ismaili Shiite subgroup (like the khojas of the Agha Khan) of whoch the best
known families are the Dawoods and the Adamjees.
boi - (hind.) mullet
boli – speech / sacrifice
Bombay Army - One of the four
original British Indian armies.
boniyadi – traditional
propertied, aristocratic
BOR - British Other Ranks,
non-officers
Borchi Khana
- Cook-house
bori - small sun-dried cones
of lentil paste
BOSE, Sarat Chandra -
Leader of Congress Parliamentary Party in Bengal 1937-9; fell out with Congress
in 1946 when he formed the Socialist Party.
BOSE, Subhas Chandra - Congress President
1938—9; organized Indian National Army 1942.
Bottle Khana - Pantry
boudi - Wife of elder
brother.
box
wallahs – Europeans involved in trade i.e. not in the
armed or civil services and ranked below them in status.
BPCC – Bengal Provincial
Congress Committee
BPHM – Bengal Provincial
Hindu Mahasabha
BPKS – Bengal Provincial
Kisan Sabha
BPML – Bengal Provincial
Muslim League
BPTUC – Bengal Provincial
Trade Union Congress
Brahma - Hindu God, creator,
source of all existence
Brahmacharya - Continence, sexual
self-restraint; literally, conduct that leads one to God.
Brahman - The essence of the
godhead.
brahmin - highest of the Hindu
caste, caste of priests, those who have knowledge; often, though incorrectly,
spelled Brahman. Some common surnames of Bengali brahmins are: Mukhopadhya/Mukherjee,
Bandyopadhya/Bannerjee, Chattopadhya/Chatterjee, Gangopadhya/Ganguly, Ghosal,
Lahiri, Sanyal, Maitra, Bagchi, Bhadari.
Brahmo
Samaj
– association of the first modernist Hindus led originally by Ram Mohan Roy
(1772-1833).
bratachari – traditional form of
physical culture, dance
breast cutlet - braised cutlet
Bren - The British light
machine-gun of the Second World War and until the late 1950s. Fired a standard
.303in round from a 30-round magazine (usually loaded with 28 rounds).
brew – (mil. sl.) Tea
brevet - A temporary higher
rank, for example, a captain being a brevet colonel. It was not unusual for British
colonial officers on loan to another regiment to be temporarily classed as a
higher rank in that regiment but to paid for the lesser rank of their actual
regiment. (Old French, diminutive of brief letter)
brigade major (BM) -
The senior operations officer of a brigade, de-facto chief of staff.
brittibhogi - professional
brolly - umbrella
Buddha - "Awakened
One", originator of Buddhism (app. 600 BC); by Hindus considered as the
9th incarnation of Vishnu
budgerow - country river boat
bukari - wood and coal burning
stove/oven
bukh - talk
bukhshi - army paymaster
bul-bul - nightingale
bund - embankment
bund gobi - (hind.) cabbage
bundook - (mil.sl.) rifle
bungalow - One-storied house
with a low-pitched roof (Hindi bangla, "in the Bengal style")
bun strangler – (mil. sl.)
Non-drinker
burgoo – porridge from Turkish
burghal.
burkah - sac-like covering
from head to foot worn by Muslim women in purdah
burra - important, great,
large
burra khana - grand meal
burra muchli - big fish
BURROWS, Sir Frederick - Governor
of Bengal 1946—7.
burruf / barf - ice
bursat / barsaat -
rains (monsoon)
burra sahib - Anybody holding a
senior or important position ('burra' = big): hence, one's boss..
bus! – fnshed!, the end!
bundook - rifle, shotgun
bustees - flimsy huts, squatter
colony
buts - Buddhist images
byayam - exercise
byle - ox or bullock
___C________________________________________________________
caju
- cashew
Calcutta
Chamber of Commerce (CoC) – Chamber of commerce of Calcutta.
Calcutta
University (CU) –
not only a reputed university, but also an institution with over sight over
education in the entire province.
caliph
– Ruler of Turkey and religious leader
cantonments
- Permanent British military bases usually located just outside of a town or
city
caravan
- Travelers on a journey through hostile regions (Italian caravana, from
Persian karwan).
CASEY, Baronet. G. -
Governor of Bengal 1944-6.
caster
- discharged Army horse
Catla-fish - Bengali river or pond fish
CBE
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire
CBI
– China, Burma, India, US military term to demote the South and South East
Asian theatre of operation, as opposed to the Pacific.
Cdr
- Commander
CE
- Church of England
Central
Bureau of Information – arm of the Indian Ministry of the Interior whioch
supervises the British Council, the news agencies Reuters and the Associated
Press Of India.
Central
National Mahommedan Association (musl.) – organisation of the end of the 19th
century aiming at equal representation of Muslims and Hindus in all
institutions of colonial government.
chaap
- rib chop
chabuk
- whip
chadar
- Cloak
chagul
/ chaggle - A canvas water bag. Keeps water marvellously
cool in hot weather through condensation.
cha
/ chae / chai / chah / char - tea usually sugary milky tea. The
best is usually made all milk with no water.
cha
wallah / chai-wallah - Hot tea
seller
chakuri - service
chalak
- sly, smart, untrustorthy
chaler
guro - (beng.) rice flour
challan
- consignment
chamar
- of low caste/ from “chumra” a shoemaker
chana
dal - (hind.) bengal gram
chandu
- opium
chapati
– (hind.) flat round unleavened bread
char
- four
charka
– spinning wheel, one of the symbols of Gandhi
charpoy
- A bed, frame strung with tapes or light rope (Hindustani carpai)
chasha
/ chasi - peasant
chasha
/ chasi –mula – peasant-worker
chappals
/ chaplies - sandals
chappatti
– Indian pancake, unlevend bread
chaprassie
- uniformed office messenger
chash - cultivation
chashadi – cultivation et cetera
charkha
- The hand spinning wheel.
charass
- hash made of the resin of the buds of the female cannabis plant.
charpoi
- string framed bed
chatti
- earthen pot, porous to keep water cool
chaung
- Burmese for watercourse or minor river, could be as narrow as a ditch or wide
enough for small craft, particularly near the coast.
chawal
- (hind.) cooked rice
chawal
atta - (hind.) rice flour
chee-chee
- Half-caste, mixed race of British and Indian. Also the sing- song accent of
same, from the early influence of Welsh missionaries.
cheeny
/ cini - sugar
chela
- young disciple, orig. household slave
chello
/ chollo - "Go away!" or "Let's go!"
cheroot
– Cigar, ciarette
chhana
- (beng.) cottage cheese
chhilke
- (hind.) peels, scrapings
chholar
dal - (beng.) bengal gram
chick
/ chik - door screen made of split bamboo,
slatted blind
chil
/ cheel - a kite (bird)
chillum
- conical upright pipe to smoke charas (and sometimes tobacco) chillam - a
hookah
chine
badam - (beng.) peanut
chingri
- (beng.) prawns/shrimp
chirag
- clay oil lamp
chirey
- (beng.) flattened or beaten rice
chit
/ chitty - note, letter/promissory note, reference,
note of hand, memo of account
chittack
- 2 oz
chiton
- dress
choga
- loose upper garment
chokra
- small boy
cholo
– Let’s go!
cholera
belt - A body wrapping of flannel worn to
supposedly prevent cholera. Used in India until about 1920.
choola
- Cooking place, clay oven
choop
/ chup - silent, still
chor
- thief
chota
- Small, opposite of barra
chota
hazri - early morning tea/ breakfast
chota
peg - Small drink, a gin and tonic
chota
wallah - Little guy
choungri
- duster for god idol (made of yak hair)
chowk - intersection or sometimes town square.
chowki
- toll or police station (hence mil. sl.“chokey”)
chowkidar
/ chaukidar / chokidar - caretaker, watchman, guard
chubara
/ chubutra - garden pavilion
chudder
- veil in front of a woman's face
chukka
- time during a polo match
chula
- oven
chummery – residential quarters
shared by a number of bachelors
chunam
- lime, plaster
chupkan
– native Indian frock-coat
chuppar
- thatch
chuprassi
- messenger (pr.”chaprassi”)
chumars
- low caste leather-workers (see chamar)
chur
– sandbank or sandy spit of land
chura
/ poha - (hind.) flattened or beaten rice
churi
- bangles
chhut-ti
/ chuti / chhuti - leave, dismissal
cicalas
- cicadas
cinematrograph
- Early motion pictures c. 1900. Also known as viagraph or bioscope.
class
regiment - Indian Army regiment whose members were all
recruited from one ethnic group such as Sikhs, Gurkhas, etc.
clobber
- Uniform, clothing
Co
- Company
CO
- Commanding Officer
CoC
(Calcutta Chamber of Commerce) – Chamber of commerce of Calcutta.
coggage
– (mil.sl.) paper (fro kagoj)
college
– (mil.sl.) prison (as in, "I've been to college.")
Communal
Award
– communalist negotiations dating to 1932 the results of which where put in
place by British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald (1866-1937).
Companion
of the Star of
Congress
Nationalist Party (CNP) – group on the left of Congress
connor
– (mil.sl.) food (from khana)
consumption
- Pulmonary tuberculosis or any other wasting-away disease that
"consumed" its victims.
coolie
/ cooly - hired labourer
commando
- Refers to either the individual commando soldier or marine, or to the unit.
competition-wallah
- someone who competes for a place in the ICS by
sitting for competitive exams not by patronage
Congress
- The Indian National Congress
CrPC
– Indian Criminal Procedure Code
crore
- 10 million
corps
- A formation of at least two divisions commanded by a lieutenant general.
CSI
(Companion of the Star of
CSP
– Congress Socialist Party
CP
- Central Provinces and Berar
CPI
– Communist Party of India
CPI(M)
– Communist Party of India (Marxist)
CPI(M-L)
– Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
Cpl
-Corporal
CPO
- Chief Petty Officer
CRA
- Commander Royal Artillery.
Cres
- Crescent
croaker
- A dying person, a corpse, or someone who has given up.
crore
- 10
million in the Anlgo-Indian counting system.
In numbers it is written 1,00,00,000 and not as 10,000,000 / 100
lakhs
crorepati
- millionaire
CSM
- Company sergeant major.
cutch
/ kutcha - Inferior, crude, the opposite of pukka
cutchery
- building in district HQ which houses district officers, the treasury and
magistrates court, landlords’ office /stores
cushy
/ khushi - Easy (Hindi khush pleasant, from Persian
khush [1915])
CWC
- Congress Working Committee
___D________________________________________________________
dacoit
- bandit, armed robber
dacoity - robbery
dadni - moneylending
dafadar
- Indian cavalry sergeant, also village watchman
dah
– heavy knife , machete (Burmese)
dahi
- (hind.) yogurt
dai
- midwife
daisy-roots
– (mil. sl.) Boots
dak - (pronounced 'dark'). post,
mail, journey / fine thin writing paper used for
postal purposes
dak
bungalow - resthouse for official travelers
dak-wallah - postman.
dakhil
daftar - record room in government office
Dakshina
- Offering to God, commonly used to refer to the fee of a priest.
dal – party, faction
dalan bari – brick built,
pucca house
dalil patra – certificate,
document
dandy
- Himalayan hammock like litter
dar
al-harb (musl.) –
in Islamic thought the country of war, the battle field of djihad.
dar
al-islam (musl.)
– in Islamic thought the country of peace, home of Islam.
dar
as-soulh (dar as-salam) (musl.) – in Islamic thought the country of
ceasefire, waiting for Islam
dar-patnidar – intermediate
tenure-holder
Dar-ul-Islam – Islamic state
daroga
/ darogah - village constable
Darshan
- A form of spiritual happiness induced by being in the presence of a cherished
person, place, or thing.
darzi
/durzi – tailor
dastur
- customs
dasturi
- commission on a transaction
DBE
- Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire
DC
- Deputy Commissioner
DCC
– District Congress Committee
DCM - Distinguished Conduct
Medal. Instituted in 1854 as the equivalent of the DSO for warrant officers, NCOs
and soldiers of the army (and Royal Marines when under army command).
Awarded for gallantry in action. Now discontinued.
degchies
- cooking utensils
dekko
- To take a look (Hindi, deckna, to look)
DEMS
- Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship
Deoband
(musl.)
– town in the United Provinces and seat of the education centres for orthodox
Sunni clergy faithful to the Hanafite stream of Sunni Islam. The Deobandis
considered the Shiites as apostates.
deodar
- coniferous tree, Himalayan cedar, sacred to Hindus (Cedrus deodara)
deria
/ derii / dera – produce loan
dersi – (mil.sl.) tailor
desh – nation, native
place
Deshbandhu
– A friend of the country, tilte of C.R. Das
Deva
- God
devanagari
– alphabet
of Sanskrit origin which is used to write Hindi and several languages in the
north of India.
Devata
- village god
Devi
- Goddess
dewanee
- madness
dewan
- manager
dewas
- Godlike image
DF
- Defensive fire - mortar, artillery., or mortar gun fire by troops in
defensive positions against attacking troops or patrols. Usually pre-registered
on a number of key places, and numbered, so a particular DF can be called down
quickly by reference to its number. Guns and mortars will be laid on the DF SOS
when not engaged on other tasks. As its name implies, the DF SOS is the target
deemed to be the most dangerous to the defenders.
DFC
- Distinguished Flying Cross
DFM
- Distinguished Flying Medal
dhaba
- cheap eating place, often on the road side
dhal
- shield
dharamsala
- pilgrim's rest house
Dharma
- Religion or religious duty; code of morals or behaviour adhered to by Hindus
and Buddhists
Dharmaablamban
– religious practice
dharmagola
– collective grain store
dharzee
/ durzee - tailor
dhobi
– washing , also washerman (short for dhobi wallah)
dhobi
wallah - Indian who did the washing
dhodie
- Indian bearers
dhoka - deceit
dhol
- big drum
dhoolie
/ dooli - bamboo stretcher, light palanquin, medical stretcher. Also, a
light litter often used for carrying the sick or wounded
dhoolie
wallah - Indian dhoolie carrier
dhoop
- incence, looks like charass and is sometimes sold as such to unsuspecting
tourists
dhoti
- cloth wrapped around the waist and pulled up between the legs, worn by Hindu
men in the South/Plains, usually a long piece with ornamental borders that is
tucked in at the waist.
dhyana
- meditation
DIG
- Deputy Inspector General
dil
- heart
Dilhi Cholo – To Delhi!, the
call to Arms of the INA.
dim
- (beng.) egg
din
- religion, also day
direct fire - Weapons that have to
be aimed directly at the target as opposed to indirect fire weapons such as
mortars and artillery.
Direct
Contact –
Movement launched by Congress between 1937 et 1939 to rally the Indo-Muslim
political parties which were not members of the Muslim League.
district
–
subdivision of a province. There were 27 districts in pre-independence
division
–
grouping of districts. There were 4 divisions in pre-independence
Diwali
- Hindu festival of light
diwan
– chief native officer of a landlord or raja / Chief Minister / consultative
assembly / type of sofa
DM
– District Magistrate
DO
- District Officer
do
- two
doab
- land between two rivers
doggo
– (mil. sl.) To lie doggo, to hide. Probably from "dog" [1893]
doi
- (beng.) yogurt
dom
- low caste cleaner
Domiciled
European –
Europeans who permanently reside in
dongi
– canoe made of sheth of plantain leaves
donkey
walloper – (mil. sl.) Infantry disparaging term for
cavalry
dood
– (mil.sl.) milk
doolally
– (mil.sl.) mad (from Deolali, Indian transt camp famous for sunstroke)
doomb
- fat-tailed sheep
dosa
- large crispy lentil flour pancake, served with chutney
dowry
- money and presents given at marriage time by a bride's parent to their
son-in-law's family (illegal, but very often practised)
Dravidistan
(musl.) –
term used by Muslim separatists for a non-arian state which they planned to set
up in the south of India
DSC
- Distinguished Service Cross
DSM
- Distinguished Service Medal
DSO - Distinguished Service
Order. Instituted in 1886. Until the awards system was changed in 1994, it was
a dual-role decoration, recognizing gallantry at a level just below that
qualifying for the VC by junior officers, and exceptional leadership in battle
by senior officers. Officers of all three services were and are eligible. Since
1994, it is far less prestigious, and awarded for successful command and
leadership in 'operational' circumstances. What constitutes 'operations' is
open to question, since DSOs appear to 'come up with the rations' after
so-called operations when hardly a shot has been fired in anger.
duftar
- office
durbar
– royal court audience, meeting, levee
Durga
- Hindu Goddess, wife of Lord Shiva
dun
- flat area in hills
dupatta
- scarf for head or shoulders, worn by women
durbar
- court Durbar - public audience
Durga
- Goddess, "the Inaccessible", another form of Kali, riding a tiger,
major goddess of the Sakti cult
durwan
- gate-keeper, doorman
durwaza
- door
durwaza
bund - door shut (not at home)
duser
– (mil.sl.) other
dushman
- enemy
dustoorie
- “commission” payment
dyspepsia
- Indigestion (Latin, from Greek, from dys- + pepsis digestion )
DZ - dropping zone, the
area chosen for landing by parachute troops, or on which supplies are to be
dropped.
___E________________________________________________________
ek
- one
ek
dum - at once, immediately
ek
chota – small tot of whisky
ekka
/ ecka - a small two wheeled one-horse carriage
elaka
- area
enchor
- (beng.) green jackfruit
enteric
fever - Typhoid fever
European
–
member of the British community, born in Britain and benefiting from full
British citizenship (as opposed to the Domiciled Europeans).
eve-teasing
- India’s somewhat polite and fluffy term for sexual harassment, covering
everything from wolf-whistling to gang rape.
Externment – banisment of criminals from a specific province
___F________________________________________________________
fakir - religious beggars,
Indian muslim holy man (equivalent of Hindu Sadhu), wonder worker (Arabic
faqIr, poor man),
Fakistan
–
expression coined by the press opposed to the idea of Pakistan, meaning
"faux Pakistan".
Faraizi
(musl.) –
Wahabite brotherhood who had an autonomous territory in East Bengal and were
very rebellious towards colonial authority.
farash - carpet-layer
fareib - fraud / trick
fatka – speculation
fauz – forces
FB
– Forward Bloc
ferao - scarlet woodpecker
ferash - date tree
fiqh
(musl.) – Islamic law
Fishing Fleet - Unmarried British
women sent to India each year by their parents during the cool weather to find
husbands.
Flak - Slang for
anti-aircraft fire, from the German for anti-aircraft gun, fliegerabwehrkanone.
Fl Sgt - Flight Sergeant
FO - Flying Officer
FOB - Forward Observer
Bombardment, a Royal Artillery officer who spotted for naval guns bombarding
shore targets. His party consisted of Royal Naval telegraphists (the RN name for
a radio operator), to communicate with the supporting ships.
Forms of address -
Forms of address vary, depending on the sex, the age, the race, the religion.
Sir, Madam, Miss can be used on all occasions. Bengali gentlemen can be
addressed by adding "Babu" to their first name. Mr Gangaprasad
Mukherjee will be called Gangaprasad Babu. Europeans are called Mr, Madam, Miss
but Sahib, Memsahib, Baba (or Master for boys. Missy for girls) are still used,
even among the Indians, as a mark of humble respect that smacks in some cases
of colonialism fossilised. Policemen, anybody in uniform can be called
"Officer Sahib", Sikhs "Sardarji", Nepalis
"Bahadur", old Muslims "Maulana", young man as
"Brother, Bra or Bhai". To attract attention, say "accha"
loudly.
FOO - Forward Observation
Officer, an artillery officer who directs artillery fire. Normally one with
each forward rifle company and provided by artillery battery supporting the
infantry battalion.
Forward
Block –
Radical faction in
the Bengal Provincial Congress, founded by Suhas Chandra Bose, which favoured an
intercommunal accord in that province; later a separate party
fresh - new (fresh passport,
fresh copy of newspaper)
ft - Foot or Feet
___G________________________________________________________
gaddi – seat, throne
gai-ka-gosht - (hind.) beef
gajar - carrot
galloper - Officer used by
commanders to carry messages.
gamcha – towel used by
Brahmins
Gandharva - a supernatural being
Gandhiji - A title of respect
for Gandhi, the ji a common suffix of respect corresponding to sir or mister.
Sometimes the suffix was used after Mahatma-Mahatmaji.
Ganesh - God of wisdom and
prosperity; elephant headed son of Shiva and Parvati
Ganga / Gunga - River Ganges
Ganga Jhol - the water of the
Ganges
gani – saintly Muslim
ganja - marijuana
garden - plantation (tea-garden)
garden house - house on the river for summer and weekends
gari / gharry - car, carriage
garials - long-nosed crocodiles
gariwan – driver also ghariwala
GBE - Knight of the Grand
Cross of the British Empire
ghat / ghaut - slope
or flight of steps down to a river - landing steps on a riverbank, also
mountain pass
gherao – to surround, to
besiege as a form of protest
ghee / ghi / ghii – Clarified butter; it is boiled and the watery
particles and the curds are skimmed off. Used as cooking oil (Hindi ghi, from
Sanskrit ghrta)
ghole - (beng.) yogurt drink
ghora - horse
GHQ - General Headquarters
ghuiyan - (hind.) taro/arum
root
ghur / ghar - house
ghuzul - bath
ghuzulkhana - bathroom
Gita - Song. See Bbagavad Gita.
glasshouse – (mil.sl.) military
prison (from the glass roof at Aldershot miltary prison)
GM - George Medal
GMT - Greenwich Mean Time
gnana - wisdom, perception
go korbani – cow sacrifice
goalas – caste of milkmen
gobi - (hind.) cauliflower
godown - storage shed ware
house
god wallah – (mil. sl.) Priest or
chaplin
goglet - cattle-driver
gomasta – landlord’s steward
gompa - Buddhist monastery
gola - grainstore
goolie – (mil.sl.) Testicle,
late 19th century (Hindi gooli, a pellet)
goondas – Rowdies, gangsters,
hired thugs, "antisocial", "sea-urchin" are other Calcutta
equivalents
Goosle Camera - Bathroom
Goristan
–
expression coined by the press and meaning a "Pakistan born in
blood".
Gorah – Ghari - horse drawn carriage
gorur mangsho - (beng.) beef
gosht - (hind.) meat
gothi - from Western Bengal, from a Calutta Bengali family, opposite of
Bangal
GPO - General Post Office
graft - Work
Grant - See Lee-Grant.
Granth Sahib - The Sikh holy book
which is also the last Sikh Guru
gram - pulse for horse feed
grass widow - A married woman at a
British hill-station temporarily separated from her husband who was on
assignment elsewhere.
Greater
Bengal –
ethnic Bengali irredentist project favouring a Greater Bengal by unifying Assam
and Bengal above communal frontiers (see Bengsam and East Pakistan).
Great Game, The -
British idea that Russia was secretly trying to invade India by way of
Afghanistan. It created a cold-war mentality.
Greetings - "Hello" is
widespread as well as "Salaam". You can also say "namaste" or
"namaskar" in Hindi, or "nomoshkar" in Bangia,
"as-salam alekum" in Urdu. When leaving, use "Bye-bye",
"Salaam", "huda hafez" in Urdu, "namaste" in
Hindustani, "ashi" or "ashbo" (I am coming back) in Bangla.
grihastha - householder
grippe - Influenza (from
French, seizure)
GSO - General Staff
Officer, a staff officer who dealt with General (G) Staff matters (operations,
intelligence, planning, and staff duties), as opposed to personnel (A, short for
Adjutant General's Staff), or logistic matters (Q, short for Quartermaster
General's Staff). The grades were GSO 1 (Lieutenant Colonel), GSO 2 (Major),
and GSO 3 (Captain).
Gully - lane
Gujarati - Language spoken in the
province of Gujarat, India, where Gandhi was born.
gur - date-palm sugar
Gurram Chai ! - Hot Tea !
Gurdwara
– Sikh place of worship
gurjali - (beng.) Indian salmon
Gurkha - Mercenary soldier in
the British army, from Nepal.
guru - teacher (lit.
Sanskrit: "goe": darkness, "roe": to dispel), leader, holy
man
Gurudwara - Sikh temple
gurrum / gorom - hot
___H________________________________________________________
habous
(musl.) –
see. waqf.
hackney
/ hackney carriage – small
horsedrawn carriage used as taxi, fiacre
haj - pilgrimage to Mecca
Hajii - one who has made
pilgrimage to Mecca
hakim - doctor or judge
Hal Camera - Hall Sitting - room
ham – (mil.sl.) I
hanbalism
(musl.) –
school of Islamic legal thought, relatively minor in India and close to
Wahabism .
handi - utensil
hanefism
(musl.) –
important school of Islamic legal thought in
Hanuman - Hindu monkey god;
friend and helper of Rama in the Ramayana.
hansh - (beng.) duck
hara matar - (hind.) green peas
haramzada - scoundrel haramzadas -
Bastards, scoundrels, a common term in India (of Arabic/ Persian origin)
Harijan - (lit. "child of
God") Gandhi's term for an Untouchable (somebody from the Scheduled
Caste), now usually called Dalits
hartal / hartaal -
general strike, cessation of work; a form of ideally non-violent demonstration
in which all work ceases, shops are closed, etc.
hat – village market
hath – hand
hath gari - hand-pulled goods
cart. Pullers are called Hath Gari Walla
hathi - elephant
haveli – Large north Indian
family Mansion, also temple for those of the Vaishnava faith.
havelock - Cloth cap cover that
hung on the back to protect the neck from sunlight (named after Sir Henry
Havelock)
havildar, havildar major -
See ranks. havildar - Indian infantry sergeant, color sergeant
hazar - "Get
ready."
hazrat
(musl.)
– term for the great prophets of monotheism.
hazri - breakfast
Hazur / Huzoor - Your Excellency
huzoor - Lord (Pushtu)
HE - High explosive.
Heaven
Born – nickname for members of the ICS (Indian civil
service) regarded as the pinnacle of British-Indian society.
heliograph - Communication device
using mirrors to flash sunlight.
henna - herbal or chemical,
used for dying hair (black or red) and for producing intricate patterns on the
palm of the hand and feet of a bride
HERBERT, Sir John - Governor of Bengal,
1939-43.
hijra –
eunuch/transexual/transvestite
hilsa machchi (hind.) / illish
mach (beng) - hilsa fish, river fish, part saltwater. Eaten smoked. A
Calcutta Specialty
Hindi - The language of
northern India, with Sanskrit roots.
Hindi Belt, Hindustan - Northern, Central and Western India by opposition to the former
Madras and Bombay Presidencies.
Hindu
Mahasabha
– Hinduist political group on the right of Congress which was very powerful
between 1926 and 1937. Later the political
party of orthodox Hindus.
Hindutva -
"Hindu-ness"; a term used by Indian political parties and politico -
religious groups (such as the RSS, VHP, Sangh Parivar etc) to describe their
notion of India as a Hindu State. The concept has been misused by some
politicians to provoke communal violence, and is seen by many to violate the
spirit of India's firmly secular constitution.
Hindusthan – name for the
Hindustani - A language based on
Hindi but containing many Arabic and Persian words.
hitherao - come here!
HM - His Majesty's
HMG - His Majesty's
Government
HMIS - His Majesty's Indian
Ship
HMS - His Majesty's Ship
HMSO - His Majesty's
Stationery Office
Holi - Hindu festival of
colours, takes place at the beginning of the spring; people cover each other
with coloured powder or water - dangerous time to be on the road!
hostel
–
communal student residence
hot or cold - Ways of attacking. By
shooting (hot) or by bayonet (cold);
hooka / hookah - pipe for smoking
through water/ alt: hubble-bibble
hookum - order / command
hoondi - bill of exchange
housewife – (mil.sl.) small bag
for needle thread etc.
howdahs - large chairs carried
on the back of elephants for ceremonial use big gam shooting or transport
Howitzer 3.7in - A mountain gun,
designed for operating in country impassable for wheeled vehicles, primarily
the North-West Frontier of India. Dismantled into nine parts, breech, chase,
cradle, split trail, carriage and two hard-rimmed wheels, it could be carried
by eight mules. It could also be modified to be towed by a Jeep, by fitting
pneumatic tyres and a smaller shield. The shell weighed 20 Ib, and the gun had
a maximum range of 7,000 yards. (A 25pdr's maximum range was 12,500 yards with
a 25lb shell.)
hp - Horse Power
HP - Home Political
(Internal) Department
HQ - Headquarters
HRH - His Royal Highness
hubble-bubble - hookah, water pipe
hubshi - Negro, woolly-head,
(Hindustani, from Arabic habashi, Persian habshi), orig..Ethiopian/negro
hulwaies - confectioners
humara - my, mine
HUQ, Fazlul - KPP President in
1936; joined Muslim League 1937; Prime Minister of Bengal 1937-43.
Hurribomber - There were two fighter-bomber
versions of the Hurricane Mk II, both with a l,000lb bomb load; the Mk II C had
four 20mm cannon, and the tank-buster Mk II D had two 40mm cannon.
Hurricane Mk II - A
British single-engine monoplane, of Battle of Britain fame. Originally equipped
with eight .303 in machine-guns. Below 10,000 feet it was less manoeuvrable
than the Japanese Zero, but above 20,000 feet proved superior. Also developed
as a highly successful fighter bomber (see Hurribomber).
hushiar - clever, intelligent
___I_________________________________________________________
IAF - Indian Air Force
IAR - Indian Annual
Register
IB – Intelligence Branch
ICI - Imperial Chemical
Industries
ICS - Indian Civil Service
idderao / idhar ao -
Come here
idli - South Indian steamed rice
dumpling
Id-ul-Fitr - Muslim festival at
the end of Ramadan
ijaradar - leaseholder
IJMA – Indian Jute Mills’
Association
ilish – (beng.) hilsa fish
indaba - (mil.sl.) affair,
concern (Swahili, cuncil)
Independent
Muslim Party (musl.) –
political party created by Suhrawardy in 1926 after the breakdown of the Bengal
Pact.
imli - (hind.) tamarind
INA - Indian National Army,
formed from Indian soldiers who were persuaded to fight for the Japanese.
INC - Indian National
Congress
Indra - God of rain, thunder,
lightning, war; chief of all gods.
IPP
– Independent Proja Party
isker – (mil.sl.) things
(from Arabic)
Islamistan
(musl.)
– synonym for Pakistan used by those who are unconfortable with the seperatist
connotations of that term.
ISPAHANI, M. A. H. - prominent Bengal
Muslim Leaguer and on its Working Committee 1936-47. Member of
the famous business family.
iswasti - for this reason
itarta – lit. otherness; pop.
baseness, meanness
izzut / izzat - honour
___J________________________________________________________
jabana – foreigner
(pejorative)
jadoo - magic/sorcery/black
art
Jagannath - Lord of the Universe,
a form of Krishna
jaggery - date-palm sugar
jaghirdar - landowner
Jai … ! – Victory to … !
Jai
Hind –
slogan of the Indian National Army, meaning "Hail
jalachal – intermediary caste
from whom Brahmins may accept water without being poluted
jalebi / jalaibees - deep fried very sticky sweets, made of sugar, flour and syrup served in orange sticky loops
jaldi / juldi / juldee -
“quickly”
jaldi karo - “do it quickly”
jaljeera / jholjeera / jeerapani
- cumin juice
jamabandi - annual check of
revenue accounts in every village in every district
Jamat
(musl.)
– term for an Islamist party
Jamat-e-Islami
(JI) (musl.) –
Islamist party opposed to the Muslim League. Formed in 1941 by Abul Ala Maududi
(1903-1979), an old collaborator of Iqbal. It had a that date nothing to do
with the JUI and the JUH.
Jamat-ul-Ulama-e-Hind
(JUH) (musl.)
– Islamist party founded in 1919 to support the Congress and which grouped
together the religious modernists and the mass Islamicisation movements like
the tabligh.
Jamat-ul-Ulama-e-Islam
(JUI) (musl.)
– faction of the JUH which broke with Congress in 1945 to joinc the Muslim League.
jampannie - rickshaw puller or
sedan chair carrier
Janaki - another name for
Sita, the heroine of the Ramayana
jantana - A particularly thick
scrub resembling raspberry canes. It is impossible to advance through without
cutting, and offers good concealment to the defender. The Japanese made skilful
use of it
janwer / janwar -
animal
jao - “Go”! (rude!), Go
away
jaroo - broom
jati – caste, race
Jatiya Sarkar – National Government
(of Tamluk uprising)
jatra - traditional Bengali folk theatre
jauhar – courting death by Hindu wives to prevent themselves from falling
into enemy hands
javana
–
prejorativ term used by orthodox Hindus to describe foreigners outside the
caste system.
jawan - soldier
jeera / jira - cumin
jehad - Holy-War, muslim
revolt
Jehanum - hell
jemadar - Indian junior officer
(subaltern, 2nd lieutenant)
jemadar-sais - head groom
jharan - duster / dish cloth
jhawan –
policeman or soldier
jheel/ jhil - swamp or lake
jhinga - (hind.) prawns/shrimp
jhingey - (beng.) ridged gourd
jhool - horse blanket
JI
(Jamat-e-Islami) (musl.) – Islamist party opposed to the Muslim League. Formed
in 1941 by Abul Ala Maududi (1903-1979), an old collaborator of Iqbal. It had a
that date nothing to do with the JUI and the JUH.
-ji - honorific suffix
jildi – (mil.sl.) quickly
Ji-huzur - Yes, Master
jimadar - Guard
JINNAH,
Muhammad Ali, reorganized Muslim League
after 1934, President of League after that date; under his leadership the Muslim
League won the independent state of Pakistan in 1947.
John Company - Honorable East India
Company, founded in 1599 and which governed India from 1833-1858
jote – land, lot
jotedar – farm/land owner,
intermediate tenure holders charged with supervising a part of the estate of a
zamindar, often also engaged in
money-lending or grain trading. In
jubba – long outer court worn by Muslims
juldi - Hurry up
juldi jao go - quickly
julaha – weaver
JUH
(Jamat-ul-Ulama-e-Hind) (musl.) – Islamist party founded in 1919 to
support the Congress and which grouped together the religious modernists and
the mass Islamicisation movements like the tabligh.
JUI
(Jamat-ul-Ulama-e-Islam) (musl.) – faction of the JUH which broke with
Congress in 1945 to joinc the Muslim
League.
jute
press –
ironic name for the popular pres in regional languages
___K________________________________________________________
kabab
/ kebab - skewered meat
kabarri
- second-hand furniture shop
kabuli
chhola - (beng.) chick peas
kabuli
chana - (hind.) chick peas
kacha
kela - (hind.) green banana/plantain
kachori
- (hind.) fried wheat pastry with seasoned filling
kaddoo
- pumpkin
kaddu
- (hind.) red pumpkin
kaestho
/ kayasthas / kaiast - the caste of writers, clerks,
philosophers. Some common surnames of Bengali kayasthas are: Ghosh, Baso/Bose, Datta/Dutta, Dey, Sinha,
Nandi, Mttra/Mitter, Das, Sen, Chandra, Guha, Deb, Kar.
kafile - caravan
kahi
- long slim copper trumpet like instrument (looks like wood)
Kailash
/ Kailas - sacred Himalayan mountain, home of God
Shiva
Kaiser-I-Hind
- Empror of India, Indian tilte for the British monarch
kaisar
i hind (musl.) –
44th highest of the 82 titles of nobility of the
kakkra
- (hind.) crab
kala
- black
Kalabause - Bengali river or pond fish
kala
juggah - dark corner, “sitting-out” alcove
kala
pani - black water (to leave India)
kalai/biuli
dal - (beng.) black gram
kalazar
– chronic
and deadly disease typical of
Kali
- Goddess, "the Black", recognisable by her black skin, necklace of
skulls and often the snakes which surround her. Most popular in Calcutta and
Bengal
kalima
(musl.)
– one of the five pillars of Islam which consists of publicly stating that
there is only one God and Mohamed is his prophet.
kali-pani
- Ocean (Hindi black water)
Kalyug
/ Kali Yuga - age of speed (according to Indian myth
the age we currently live in); the era (Yuga) when righteousness and virtue
disappear; fear, distress, anger, hunger prevail and the rulers care only about
their power and riches.
kam
- work
kamala
lebu - (beng.) orange
kameez
- long kneelength shirt
kamra
- room
kanats
- canvas enclosures
kanch
kala - (beng.) green banana/plantain
kancha
aam - (beng.) unripe/green mango
kancha
kanthal - (hind.) green jackfruit
kankra
- (beng.) crab
kanthal
- (beng.) jackfruit
Kanyakumari
- "Virgin Maiden", another name for Durga; town at the south tip of
India
karela
- (hind.) bitter gourd/melon
karja
– produce loan
karo
- do
katari
– sharp weapon, a think sickle –shaped knife
kathal
- (hind.) jackfruit
karma
- cause and effect principle of totting up good and bad deeds affecting your
next incarnation. The Hindu or Buddhist equivalent of Judgement day
kashmohal
- Government estate.
kauri
- shell currency
Kaur
– (lit.: ‘princess’) Sikh female surname
Kayastha
– Writer caste
kazi
- Muslim law officer
kazi
(musl.) –
in
KCSI
(Knight Commander of the Star of
keema
- ince/ground meat
kela
- (hind.) banana
kele-ka-phool
- (hind.) banana blossom/spadex
kele-ki-tana
- (hind.) white pith of banana plant stem
ke-
marfik - in this manner
kench
/ khainch - “pull” !
kepi
- A military cap with a visor and a round flat top sloping toward the front
(French képi, from German dialect (Switzerland) käppi cap)
kerani
- a writer
keri
/ kacha aam - (hind.) unripe/green mango
kg
- Kilogram, (about 21/4 lbs)
KGCSI
(Knight Grand Commander of the Star of
Khabadar!
/ khabbardar! / kubberdar! - take care/ look out! Be careful!
khaddar
/ khadi - Hand-spun or homespun cloth popularised
by Gandhi.
khajur
- date (fruit)
khamaur
– threshing floor
Khana Camera - Dining Room
Khansama - Cook
khak
- Persian for dust or dirt, root word for khaki.
khaksar
(musl.) –
Muslim militia founded by Allama Mashriqi (1888-1983) and not directly
dependent on the Msulim League. One of
its members tried to assassinate Jinnah.
khal – creek or channel connecting rivers
Khalifat
- A Pan-Islamic movement in India in response to the deposal of the Sultan of
Turkey (who was Caliph of Islam) as a result of Turkey's defeat in World War 1.
Khalsa
- Literally "the Pure"; the Sikh Army of the faithful
khan
(musl.) –
communal title of Mughal origin, preserved by the British to describe the
Muslim high nobility; not to be confused with the surname Khan. The title khan
is place before the family name.
Khan
- A common suffix to the names of Moslems of all ranks.
KHAN,
Liaqat Ali -
Muslim League General Secretary 1937-47.
khana
- food/ meal
kharif
– autumn harvest (rabi is spring
harvest)
khas
– personal
khas
– home farm
khas
khamar – personal demesne
khas
mahal – government estates
khashi
- fattened castrated goat
khatian
– record-of-rights
kheer
- (hind.) rice pudding
khansama/
consumah – Butler, House-steward / chief table
servant
kheera
- (hind.) cucumber
kheyl
- clan or tribe
khitmagar/
kitmutgar - table servant, waiter
khitab
- book (or title)
khiwasti
? - how ?
khoa/kheer - (beng.) thickened milk
kho(d)ja
(musl.) –
(see. Khwaja)
kholan
– storehouse
kholian
– farm yard
khond(a)kar
(musl.) –
(see ashraf) small ashraf from the provinces, or modest teacher
khoota
/ kutta - dog
khosha
- (beng.) peels, scrapings
khoti
- house
khoya
- (hind.) thickened milk
Khrishna
- Hindu God
khubber
- news
khubber
kharkuz - newspaper
khubbi
- ever
khubbi
nahin - never
khud
- steep hillside or cliff, precipitous slope
khushi
- nice, pleasant (hence sl.“cushy”)
khutba – prayer or discourse pronounced in Mosque during Friday prayer
khwaja
(musl.) –
title given to Ismaili Shiites
kichree
- kedgeree
kila
- Castle
kilta
- conical basket of the North, carried with shoulder straps on the back, used
for transporting cow fodder, apples, grass, fire wood, manure etc kilta -
basket container
kip
-Bed (Danish kippe - cheap tavern)
kirtan
- religious song
kisan
- peasant
Kisan
Samity – Peasant Association (local)
Kisan
Sabha – Peasant Association (provincial &
national)
kishmish
- (beng.) raisin
kitna?
- "how many, how much?”
klifty
– (mil.sl.) steal
Knight
Commander of the Star of
Knight
Grand Commander of the Star of
kobiraj
- coverage. Egg covering a cutlet
kochu
- (beng.) taro/arum root
kochuri
- (beng.) fried wheat pastry with seasoned filling
kofta curry - Lamb Curry
koi
- climbing perch
Koi
hai ? - anybody around! universal expression used
by the British when calling for servants to take orders for drinks at the club
or a hotel Also “old India hand”
koil
/ koel - Indian cuckoo
koil
/ kooyal - singing bird
kola
- (beng.) banana
kool
- (beng.) Indian plum
kooli-majur
- labourers
Koran
- the holy book of Islam
kos
- a distance of about two miles
kot
daffadar - Indian cavalry color sergeant
korbani
– sacrifice (of cows on Bakr-Id)
korfa
– under-tennant
korola,
ucchey - (beng.) bitter gourd/melon
KPP
- Krishak Praja Party
krait
- A small but very venomous nocturnal snake (Hindi karait)
kripalani, J. B. - General
Secretary of Congress 1934-46 and President in 1946.
krishak
- peasant
Krishak
Praja Party (KPP) –
political party of the jotedars led by Fazlul Haq.
Krishak
Samity – Peasant Association (local)
Krishak
Sabha – Peasant Association (provincial &
national)
Krishna
- 8th incarnation of Vishnu, often blue, Arjuna's teacher in the Bhagavad Gita
Kshattriya
/ kshatriya - warrior caste. There are few kshatriyas
in Bengal.
kukri
- Gurkha knife
kul
– (hind.) tomorrow or ! yesterday
kuli
– yard
kullah
- Afghanistan pointed cap
kumro
- (beng.) red pumpkin
kurta
– loose shirt worn by Indian males.
kutcha
/ kaccha - of poor quality/ second class
kutcherry
- court-house, lower court
___L________________________________________________________
lakh – one hndred thousand;
in India usually written 1,00,000.
Lakh-pati – rich person
Lakshmana, Laxman -
brother of Rama; human incarnation of the Grat Serpent Adisesha, in whose coils
the God Vishnu rested
Lakshmi, Laxmi - Goddess of beauty and
wealth/fortune, consort of God Vishnu
lal - red
Lala - title of respect for
a Hindu
lama - senior Buddhist monk
lama - a Tibetan word for a religious superior
lance daffadar - Indian cavalry
corporal
lance naik - See ranks.
languages - Three languages are
spoken in Calcutta - Bangla, English, and Hindustani. Both Bangla and
Hindustani are Sanskritic languages. Bangla has declensions but no genders. Hindustani,
the language of everyday life in Northern and Central India, from where
artificially formed Hindi originated, has genders, but no declensions.
langur - a long haired monkey
lao - bring (imperative)
larai - war or battle
lascar
–
Indian mariner, usually Muslim in Bengal
lassi - (hind.) yogurt drink
lathi - 5’ bamboo stick,
metal tipped used by the police
lathial – fighter with sticks,
zamindari servent who wields a stick
lau - (beng.) white/bottle
gourd
lauki - (hind.) white/bottle
gourd
lb - Pound (weight)
LCA - Landing Craft
Assault, maximum load an infantry platoon, designed to be carried at a ship's
lifeboat davits, and to land infantry in a beach assault. It was armoured to
give its passengers some protection against small arms fire and shrapnel, but
not air-burst.
lebu - (beng.) lemon
Lee-Grant - American-built M3
tank named after two American Civil War generals, the Confederate General Lee
and the Union General Grant, and sometimes called Lee in the USA and Grant in
the British army. Had a 37mm gun in the turret, and a 75 mm (main armament) gun
in a sponson in the hull. This unusual arrangement meant that to engage a
target using the main armament the tank had to expose its hull, and as the
sponson gun had a very limited traverse the whole tank had to be swivelled to
engage targets outside this arc.
Legion Etrangèr -
French Foreign Legion
Liberator Mk II -
American B-24 four-engined heavy bomber, with a crew of eight.
liberty-men -Sailors on shore
leave.
Lightning P.38 - American twin-engine
fighter, with a crew of one, and four .50 in and one 20mm cannon. A very
effective low-level attack aircraft.
lingam - phallic emblem of the
God Shiva
LINLITHGOW, Second
Marquis of. - Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 1936-43.
LISTOWEL, 5th Earl of, - Secretary
of State for India April-August 1947.
load-shedding - power cut
Lok Sabha - lower house of the
Indian Parliament
lon - red powder
loot -Plunder (Hindi lut
[c.1788])
lotah - brass pot
lotdar – holder of a lot or a
prtion of land with rights of intermediate tenure.
LRC – Land Revenue Commission
Lt - Lieutenant
Lt Col - Lieutenant Colonel
luchi - puffed fried fllour
bread
lungi - loosely wrapped
loincloth, worn by men especially South Indians and Muslim Bengalis
lunkah - cheroot
LZ - Landing Zone,
originally an area chosen for glider landings.
___M________________________________________________________
maachh - (beng.) fish
maachher dim - (beng.) roe
machan - a bamboo platform for
shooting from in a Game Reserve
machchi - (hind.) fish
machchi-ka-anda -
(hind.) roe
Madras Army - The oldest of the
four British Indian armies.
Madrasi - from the South ie.e the
former Madras Presidency: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh)
madrassa
/ madrassah (musl.)
– Islamic
secondary teaching establishment or Islamic university
madrissah - school / college
madhyabitto sreni –
middle class
Ma Ganga - Mother Ganges
magur, shinghi, tangra -
(beng.) cat fish
magur, singhi, tangra -
(hind.) cat fish
Mahabharata - ancient Vedic/Sanskrit
poem describing the battle between the Pandavas and Kauravas. The Bhagavad Gita
is part of the Mahabharata. About 10,000 verses the world's longest work of
literature; composed around the 1st millennium BC. Often used as synonym for
long running complicated situation.
mahajan - moneylender
mahakuma - subdivision
mahalla - locality
Mahant - head of a religious
institution or sect
maharaj - honorific form of
address
Maharaja - (lit. "Great
ruler"), semi-independent princely ruler of an Indian state, sometimes a
very large landowner.
Mahasabha
–
(see Hindu Mahasabha.)
Mahatma - Great soul (maha,
great; atma, soul)
Mahadev – The Great God; a
names for Shiva
Mahavishnu - Supreme God; devides
himself into the trinity (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)
Mahommedan
Literary Society (musl.) – first Muslim association in
mahout - Indian elephant
driver (Hindi mahawat, mahaut)
mahseer - a game fish
maida - (hind.) wheat flour
maidan - flat piece of ground;
grassy area in a town, parade ground, in Calcutta the main 8 sq. mile central
park where many political rallies take place.
Majlis
Party (musl.) –
political party re-grouping the traders of the Muslim Chamber of Commerce at the
beginning of the 1930s.
majlis
ul ulama (musl.) –
political assembly of the ulemas.
majoon - Green sweetmeat
containing bhang (hashish)
malaria -A disease transmitted
by mosquitoes that causes periodic severe attacks of chills and fever, thought
at one time to be caused by miasma (Italian [1740], from mala aria, bad air)
malecha
/ mlechcha –
disparaging term used by orthodox Hindus to describe foreigners and non-arians.
mali, malli - gardener
malik - tribal headman
mallum – (mil.sl.) understand
managing
agency – Company managing investors and absentee owners
industrial and other Indian business interests.
mandal – a committee of elders
in a vllage
mandala - circle, symbolises
the universe in Hinduism and Buddhism
Mandir - Hindu or Jain temple
mandis – wholesale markets
mangsho - (beng.) meat
Manmatha - god of love
Mantra - Magic name of God; an
incantation or formula of prayer sacred to any deity.
mantra - a sacred formula or
verse; sacred chant used in meditation
Mansion
Building – Apartment block
Manu - first man on Earth / Hindu lawgiver,
author of a 2000 year old ritual guide aimed at Brahmins (see Manusmriti)
Manusmriti - Laws of Manu, a Hindu
law-giver; an ancient religious code upholding the caste system and containing
accounts of creation.
Marathi - language of
Maharashtra
mark - (hindi) silver mask
of god idol
maro / marrow - a deliberate hit
Marwaris –
people from Marwar (or Rajasthan in general) now living in Calcutta. Often in
business.
martial classes, the -
Those natives the British considered to be good warriors: Sikhs, Pathans,
Gurkhas, etc.
masala - mix (usually spices)
massala - spice mixture
mashaiq
(musl.) –
(see shaiqul islam).
massalchi - dish-washer
masjid - mosque
masoor dal - (hind.) red lentil
mata - mother
matar dal - dried peas
matarshuti - (beng.) green peas
matbar – village leader
Math - monastic institution
matlow -Self-adopted name of
British sailors (blue- jackets)[1880](from French matelot, sailor)
matranee / mehtranee -
wife of a sweeper
maulvie / maulavi / moulavi -
learned muslim man, priest
maulana
/maulvi (musl.) –
friendly title for a "sage", a "master"; an honorific term or simply meaning "mister".
maund - a weight (80 lbs)
maya - illusion
mazdoor - worker
MBE - Member of the Order
of the British Empire
MC - Military Cross.
Instituted in 1914, it was awarded to army officers of the rank of major and
below, and warrant officers, for gallantry in action. Now all ranks are
eligible.
mehrbani – please
mela - fair (e.g. Book Mela)
or large religious festival (e.g. Ganga Sagar Mela)
mem - senior (English)
lady
memsahib - Sahib’s lady,
European woman in India (Hindi, from English ma'am + Hindi sahib sahib)
mera – (ml.sl.) my, mine
MG - Machine gun
MGB - Motor Gun Boat
Mian - Muslim title of
respect
miasma -A heavy vapor
emanation or atmosphere believed to cause malaria or other diseases common in
swampy areas (Greek, defilement, from miainein to pollute [1665])
millat
(musl.) –
Islamist term describing the Muslim religion
milli
(musl.) –
Islamist term the people of Muslim religion
Minar - minaret
Mirgil - Bengali river or pond fish
mistri - carpenter / mason
Mitchell - An American B-25
twin-engined medium bomber, with a crew of five. Good at attacking ground
targets in support of ground troops.
Mjr - Major
ML - Motor Launch
ML – Muslim League
MLA - Member of Legislative
Assembly
MLC - Member of Legislative
Council
MLPB - Muslim League
Parliamentary Board
MLWC - Muslim League Working
Committee
mlechha - untouchable
MM - Military Medal. Instituted
in 1916, it was awarded to army NCOs and soldiers for gallantry in action. Now
discontinued; see MC.
MN - Merchant Navy
mocha - (beng.) banana
blossom/spadex
MOD - Ministry of Defence
mofussil - rural districts
away from Calcutta; the opposite to
'headquarters'. When in Calcutta, the rest of Bengal is 'mofussil'; when in
division headquarters the rest of the district is 'mofussil'; meaning by
extension, a very provincial and conservative social milieu
Mogh - Buddhist from
Chittagong. Moghs are the best cooks in Calcutta
mohalla - neighborhood
Mohammedans
/ Muhammadans (musl.) – Muslim football team of Calcutta.
Mohawk - An American
single-engine fighter, an earlier version of the Tomahawk, with six .303in
guns. It was obsolete by 1941, but retained by the RAF for use in India and
Burma.
mohazir
(musl.) –
Indian Muslim immigrant to East-Pakistan (Bihari).
moida - (beng.) wheat flour
Moksha - Freedom from the
cycle of death and rebirth; salvation.
momo - Tibetan pasta wrapped
around vegetable or meat, vaguely similar to big Ravioli without the sauce
monal - pheasant
monsoon - rainy season
moolo - (beng.) daikon/horse
radish
mooli - (hind.) daikon/horse
radish
moong dal - (hind.) moong beans
or green gram
moori - puffed rice
more - silver mask of god idol,
(Kulvi language lit. - "face")
mormuth - duster for god idol
(made of peacock feathers)
Mosquito Mk IV - Twin-engine light
bomber, or high-level reconnaissance aircraft, with a crew of two. Almost as
fast as a Spitfire, and much faster than any other aircraft. Allied or enemy.
motamid - lawyer’s clerk
MOUNTBATTEN of
Burma, First Earl, Chief of Combined Operations 1942-3; Supreme Allied
Commander South East Asia 1943-6; Viceroy of India March-August 1947.
moiza – area covered by a
landlords jurisdiction.
MP - Member of Parliament
MTB - Motor Torpedo Boat, a
small, fast vessel mainly armed with torpedoes.
muchli - fish in general
muezzin - somebody who calls
Muslims to prayer from the minaret of the mosque
mufti
(musl.) –
high legal dignitary and specialist in sharia, able to proclaim a fatwa.
Mughlai – Moghul, North Indian,
esp. Delhi, cooking, fashion, etc.
muhammadiya
(musl.) –
Islamic religious brotherhood in
mujahid
(musl.) –
fighter for an Islamist Indo-Muslim state
mukarari – permenent holding on
a fixed rent
Mukhtear - Criminal court
lawyer.
mullah
(musl.) –
Moslem religious teacher (Shiite) (Arabic
mawla)
mung phali - (hind.) peanut
munger dal - (beng.) moong beans
or green gram
munhi - prayer
munshi - clerk/ language
teacher
munsiff - low grade Native
judge having jurisdiction over a subdivision.
… murdabad ! – Death to … !
murgh - (hind.) chicken
murgi - (beng.) chicken
murmura - (beng.) puffed rice
murrain - A plague that infects
domestic animals (from Latin mori, to die)
murthi - image, statue, images
of the Lord
mussuck / masak -
goatskin water-bag
musurir dal - (beng.) red lentil
Muslim - Belonging to Islam;
frequent Indian spelling of Moslem.
Muslim
Chamber of Commerce (musl.) – association of Muslim Business men of
Muslim
Conference (musl.) –
organ running in parallel to the Muslim League and which controlled the Star of
India newspaper until 1935.
Muslim
League – Political party led by M.A. Jinnah, championing
the interests of Indian Muslims.
Muslim
Literary Society (musl.) – intellectual association at the
Muslim
National Guard (musl.) – militia loyal to the Muslim League (see khaksar)
Muslim
Sporting Club (musl.) – sports federation to which belonged the Mohammedans
football team
Muslimstan
(musl.)
– synonym for Pakistan for those whoare uncomfortable with the seperatist
connotations of that term (see Islamistan).
Mussulman - A Moslem or Muslim
(Turkish müslüman, Persian musulman, modification of Arabic muslim)
musth - madness, distemper of
elephants
mut - drunk
mut - don’t
MV - Motor Vessel
mynah - Indian starling which
can mimic
___N________________________________________________________
NAAFI - Navy, Army and Air
Force Institute
naan - Indian flat bread
cooked in a Tandoor
nadi - river
nag - snake
nahin – (hind.) no
naib – deputy, landlord’s accountant
naik - Indian corporal
nagdi – cash rent
nallah / nullah - stream or
river valley, gorge (North India), creek, canal (Bengal)
namaste – greeting (Hindi)
namoshkar - greeting (Bengali)
Nandi - figure of a sacred bull,
God Shiva's vehicle, symbol of fertility
NAP - National
Agriculturist Party
napit –
hairdresser, barber
nappy wallah – (mil.sl.) barber
nariyal - (hind.) coconut
narkel - (beng.) coconut
Narshinga - curvy trumpet like
instrument
nasha - intoxication, drunk,
stoned.
nashta – breakfast.
nat - juggler
naukar - servant
nauker-log - servants (pr.”logue”)
nautch - A type of Indian
dance display performed by women, also used for a European ball or formal dance
nawab
(musl.) –
Mughal Title given to a provincial governor.
The title was conserved by the British to recompense the rich notables
or high functionaries in the provinces
Nawab
of
nazar – a ceremonial present
by an inferior to a superior
nazar-salami – landlord’s transfer
fee
NAZIMUDDIN, Khwaja
- Prime Minister of Bengal 1942—5.
NBPS – Nikhil Banga Praja
Samity
NCO - Non-commissioned
officer; from lance-corporal to colour or staff sergeant. See also warrant
officer.
NDC - National Defence
Council
neel kothi - indigo planter's
bungalow
neem pata - (beng.) margosa
leaves
neem patti - (hind.) margosa
leaves
NEHRU,
Jawaharlal, Congress President 1936-7; member CWC 1936-47; played
leading role in negotiations tor transfer of power in 1946—7. then Prime
Minister of India.
nickle-jao - “get out!”
nimbu - (hind.) lemon
nimbu pani - lime juice
nirkali - long horns/ trumpets used
for religious ceremonies in Himachal Pradesh
nirvana - state that is the
final aim of Buddhists, release from the cycle of existence
Nizam
(musl.) –
Muslim prince of
nol-kol - kohl-rabi
Non-Cooperation
Movement –
movement of political resistance against the colonial regime, launched by
Gandhi in 1919-1920 and which took of after the Nagpur Congress Session
nukshan / nuksaan -
injury, damage, destruction
nulla(h) - ditch canal, Small
valley or ravine, dry watercourse
numdah - a felt rug
nuzzer - ceremonial gifts
NWFP - North-West Frontier
Province
___O________________________________________________________
OBE - Officer of the Order
of the British Empire
octroi - Municipal tax
old sweat - Veteran
ole - elephant yam
OHMS - On His Majesty's
Service
Om - sacred symbol and
syllable in Hinduism and Buddhism
“Om mane padme hum” - an
incantation meaning “the jewel is in the lotus flower”
on the cot - Changing one's ways
on the peg - Under arrest
oont - camel
ooplah - dried cow-dung for
fuel
OP - Observation post.
Orient
Press of
oz - Ounce or Ounces
___P________________________________________________________
paan / pan - folded
betel leaf, stuffed with areca nut, lime and spices; chewed and red juice spit
out, responsible for red wall corners, red pavement stains, red or black or no
teeth
pabda - (beng.) Indian butter
fish
paddy - Rice field (Malay
padi [1623])
Padma - lotus, another name
for Hindu Goddess Lakshmi
pagal - crazy, fool
pagri - see “puggaree”
pahari - hillman
paik – footman, peon
paikar – local merchant
paisa - word for money in
general, also a 100th of a rupee
Pak-stan
(musl.) –
there are several hypotheses regarding the etymology of this term. The one laid out in the ‘Star of India’ is
based o the two words "Pak" and "stan". "Pak"
meaing "pure" in Persian, and "stan" meaning
"country". The "i" had crept in to the middle of the word
solely for ease of pronunciation.
pakora - savoury snack,
potatoes and vegetable in batter deep fried
palak - (hind.) spinach
Palan Camera - Bed-room
palang saag - (beng.) spinach
palanquin - litter carried on the
shoulders of four men
palki - palanquin
paltan - Battalion, military
unit
panch - five
panchayat - village council
panchayat khamar -
village threshing ground
pandal - street structure
erected to contain the murthi during pujas
pandit / pundit -
Brahmin priest; respectful title for a Brahmin, a learned man or teacher,
especially in Hindu religion, law, and science. (Hindi pandit, from Sanskrit
pandita, from pandita learned)
paneer - Indian cottage cheese
Pangash - Bengali river or pond fish
panka / punkah - a
large swinging fan made of a piece of cloth stretched on a rectangular frame,
pulled by a cord or leather thong
pankawalla / punkah wallah -
Indian employed to work a fan, usually by a string attached to their toe or
thumb.
pani - (Hindi /muslim
Bengali) Water
pani wallah - Water carrier,
Scullion and general bottle-washer, at beck and call of both bearer and cook.
pannier - Donkey load. A large
basket or container carried on the back of an animal or on the shoulders of a
person (13th century, Latin, panis, bread
pantha - (beng.) mutton
(really goatmeat)
papad - (hind.) poppadum
papar - (beng.) poppadum
papita - (hind.) papaya
[ripe=fruit, unripe=veg]
para – neighbourhood,
para boys; local youths
paratha - (hind.) thick crispy
bread grilled in ghee
parshey - (beng.) mullet
Parsi - A Zoroastrian of
India descended from Persian refugees.
parval/palwal - (hind.) pointed gourd
Parvati - Goddess, wife of
Shiva, another form of Kali
PATEL,
Sardar Vailabhai, leading Congressman and
member of Interim Government 1946-7. the Home secretary of India.
Pathans - A Mohammedan Afghan
people of India's northwest frontier.
patloon - trousers
patnidar – intermediate
tenure-holders
pattu - colourful woven
blanket (North India, particularly the Kulu Valley), worn by women as a dress
patwari - village acountant who
kept an annually revised alll land records in his circle which covered a number
of villages
pau ruti - (beng.) loaf bread
pau roti - (hind.) loaf bread
payal - ankle chain
payesh - (beng.) rice pudding
PC - Police Constable
pcc - Pradesh
Congress Committee
pechi / peechay -
behind, at the back
peepra ka
deem - Ants eggs
peepul - Indian fig tree,
sacred to Hindus
peg - measure of spirit,
usually whisky
peon - orderly messenger,
office boy
pepey - (beng.) papaya
[ripe=fruit, unripe=veg]
Permanent Settlement -
(1793) Land settlement enacted by the British in 1793 under which land was
leased out to individual landlords (zamindars) on a permanent basis against
fixed rentals.
Per mare, per terram -
"By land, by sea", motto of the Royal Marines. AKA "Poor Mary on
the terrace"
Pesh-bundi – advance
consideration, euphemism for bribe
pesta - (beng.) pistachio
PETHICK-LAWRENCE, First Baron - Secretary of
State for India 1945-7; member of Cabinet Mission to India 1946.
peyara - (beng.) guava
phulkopi - (beng.) cauliflower
piaj - (beng.) onion
piaj koli - (beng.) spring onion
shoots
pialla - (mil.sl.) enamelled
mug
piaz - (hind.) onion
piaz patti - (hind.) spring onion
shoots
PIAT - Projector Infantry
Anti-Tank. The hand-held anti-tank weapon of the British Second World War
infantryman from about mid-1942 on, it consisted of a powerful spring, mounted
in a tube which threw a hollow-charge projectile, effective up to 100 yards.
pice, paisa - 1/12th of an anna,
gen. Money
pice - A coin worth about a
farthing. Four pice made one anna, worth slightly more than a penny (old
style). Sixteen annas made one rupee, worth one shilling and sixpence. There
was an even smaller coin, the pie, worth one-third of a pice; it resembled, I
recall, the current halfpenny (new style).
pie - smallest unit in the
old currency
piquet - A small guard post
with about 12 men or less.
pipa – earthenware pot
pipal - a kind of fig tree
pir / phir (musl.) – Persian title given to an old Sufi sage
or a Muslim religious leader
pista - (hind.) pistachio
pith helmet - Sun helmet made of
cloth-covered cork.
Pk - Park
Pl - Place
P. & O. - Peninsular and Oriental
Steamship Company. The main line for British travelers to India and the East
Pom or Pommie - Derisive Australian
soldier's term for British officers or British men in general (from pomade -
hair dressing)
pongelow - Beer
poodle-faker - A man who spend too
much time in the society of women, engaging in such activates as tea parties,
balls, etc.
pop-wallah - Non-drinker
pourasha – manhood, manliness
porota - (beng.) thick crispy
bread grilled in ghee
potol - (beng.) pointed gourd
POW - Prisoner of War
pradesh - state
pradhan - head of the village
council
praja – subject, tenant
Pranam, Pranama -
Lit. obeisance. Traditional Indian greeting, hands held in a prayer-like
position in front of one's heart region. Inner meaning is that one's whole
body, heart and Soul greets the person one loves and respects. Also refers to
traditional greeting by touching the feet of an elder; the inner meaning is
both obeisance and willingness to follow in their footsteps.
PRASAD, Rajendra, Congress
President 1939 and 1947; President of Constitutent Assembly 1946-50.
PS – Post
Station, administrative area with in a district
Presidency –
British India was subdived into three Presidencies, Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras.
puggaree - turban worn by servants,
also cloth band around topee ( Hindi pagri turban)
puja - Lit. worship. Hindu
religious rites: hence, a Hindu festival holiday.
pukka / pucca - Genuine, authentic,
first-class, Excellent, opposite of cutch or kuctha (Hindi pakka cooked, ripe,
solid, from Sanskrit pakva)
pukka sahib - Excellent fellow
(used for Europeans only)
pummeloe - large citrus fruit
pundit
–
Hindu intellectual, usually Brahmin.
punir - cheese
Punjab - Land of the Five
Rivers (panch = 5)
Punjabistan
(musl.) –
a
punji – poisones stake,
bobt-trap
punk - Inferior, as in
"played a punk game", "feeling punk" (ill) (1896)
pupta - (hind.) Indian butter
fish
Puranas - Sacred Hindu legends.
purdah (musl.) -
Literally, "one who sits behind a curtain". The seclusion of Muslim
and some Hindu women. (Hindi parda, literally, screen, veil)
purdahnashin - take to the veil
pushpak vimana - a vehicle described
in the Indian epics which takes passengers through the air, driven by thought;
some compare it to the modern airliner
pyjammas - pair of loose
trousers tied round the waist
___Q________________________________________________________
qaid-e-azam
(musl.) –
title given to Jinnah, le "great chief", in theory he is charged with
executing the laws and regulations voted by the assembly of Indo-Muslim lay
persons (Muslim League) and by the assembly of ulemas (majlis ul ulama).
Queen's
shilling, the - Bounty paid to a new recruit for joining
the army.
Quit
___R________________________________________________________
rabi - crops sown after the
rains / spring harvest
Rabindra-sangeet – songs
by Rabindranath Tagore
Radha - Female consort of
Krishna.
RAF - Royal Air Force
RAFVR - Royal Air Force
Volunteer Reserve
raj - rule
Raj – colonial rule in
raja – king, ruler, landlord
Raj Bhavan – residence of State
Governor in Calcutta for Viceroy’s palace when it was called Government House.
rajdrohi – traitor, enemy of the
state
Rajya Sabha – Upper house of Indian
parliment in New Delhi.
rajbahar - main irrigation
channel
raj-mistri - head carpenter/mason
rajput - Hindu warrior caste
Rajya Sabha - upper house of the
Indian Parliament
Ram! – invocation of the
Hindu god Rama
Rama - hero of the
"Ramayana"; 7th incarnation of Vishnu
ramadan
(musl.)
– ninth month of the Islamic year when all Muslims should fast during the hours
of daylight. The last day of ramadan is
Eid ul-fitr.
Ramayana - (lit.: "Rama's
way"), big Indian epic, attributed to the poet Valmiki (around the 3rd or
2nd century BC); about Rama, his wife Sita and the battle against the evil
Ravana of Lanka
Ramanama - The word used for the
constant repetition of the name, Rama, as an act of devotion to the Lord.
Ramgarh – town in
Ram
Raj (Rama Rajya) –
Gandhian project to make Hinduism the official religion of an independent
Rarn Raksha - A recitation of sacred
texts asking for the protection of Rama.
RAN - Royal Australian Navy
ranga alu - (beng.) sweet potato
Rani / Ranee - wife
of a Rajah, Princess
Ranks - Indian Army ranks
below second lieutenant were:
Indian
Army Typical job British army
equivalent
Subedar
Major Senior
VCO (see VCO) None
Subedar Company 2ic or platoon
commander None
Jemedar Platoon
commander None
Havildar
Major Company
Sergeant Major (CSM) CSM
Havildar Platoon
Sergeant Sergeant
Naik Section commander Corporal
Lance
Naik Section 2ic Lance
Corporal
Sepoy/Rifleman
Private
The word sepoy is an eighteenth-century British misspelling of the
Persian word sipahl from the Persian word sipah meaning army.
RAP - Regimental Aid Post,
the place where the Medical Officer (MO) of a battalion, or equivalent-size
unit, set up his aid post. Usually the requirement here was to administer
'sophisticated first aid' to stabilize the casualty sufficiently to enable him
to survive the next stage of evacuation; in 'conventional' warfare, this was
usually within hours.
rashtrapathi – president, also title
of Subhas Chandra Bose before he took on the title Netaji.
Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) – radical Hinduist Militia
rath - (Sanskrit lit. chariot) used to carry a god
or goddess; either with wheels, also called a "car" or in hilly area
(as in Himachal Pradesh) a kind of palanquin, carried by people by poles on
their shoulders
ravas - (hind.) Indian salmon
razzia - Attack on unbelievers
RC - Roman Catholic
RCAF - Royal Canadian Air
Force
RCN - Royal Canadian Navy
Rd - Road
RDF - Radio Direction
Finding (early term for Radar)
RDP – Radical Democratic
Party
RE - Royal Engineers
Regiment - Originally a regiment
was of horse, dragoons (mounted infantry) or foot, and raised by command of
King, and later Parliament, and named after its colonel, originally a royal
appointee. The regiment has become the basic organization of the British army
and Indian Army, for armour, artillery, engineers, signals, army air corps, and
logistic units equivalent to battalions of those arms in other armies. In the
case of the infantry, the British or Indian Army battalion belongs to a
regiment, of which there may be one or more battalions.
The Indian Army reorganization of 1922 formed infantry regiments
of up to six battalions each. There were several regiments with the same title,
depending on the origin of their soldiers, and these were numbered. Hence the
5th/9th Jat Regiment is the 5th Battalion of the 9th Jat Regiment, whose
soldiers are Jats, and the l/2nd Goorkha Rifles is the 1st Battalion of the 2nd
Goorkha Rifles, whose soldiers are Gurkhas (spelt Goorkha by this regiment).
In 1923 many British cavalry regiments were amalgamated, retaining
both their old numbers; hence the 9th/12th Lancers is the combination of the
9th and the 12th Lancers, not the 9th battalion of the 12th Lancers.
reh - salty, barren soil
Resident
Europeans – People of pure European ancestry born and brought
up in India. Regarded as hgher in status
than the Sngli-Indinas, but lower than the British-born Europeans sent to India
after finishing teir education.
rezai - a quilt
Rhuee - Bengali river or pond fish
rickshaw – human
powered form of transport either as cycle rikshaw or Handpull rickshaw.
RIN - Royal Indian Navy
rishi - a sage
rissaldar - Indian cavalry
officer (1st lieutenant / captain)
rissaldar-major -
Senior Indian cavalry officer
R.M.L.I. - Royal Marine Light
Infantry
RN - Royal Navy
RNAS - Royal Naval Air
Service
RNVR - Royal Navy Volunteer
Reserve
RNZN - Royal New Zealand
Navy
ROC - Royal Observer Corps
Rohingyas
(musl.) –
Muslims from the north of the Burmese
rohu, mirgel, katla -
(hind.) carp, buffalo fish
roko - blockade, in protest
against an issue. During Rail-Roko, demonstrators sit on the rails, during
Rasta-Roko or Road-Roko, on the pavement
roti - flat round unleavened
bread
Round
Table Conferences (RTC)– constitutional consultations in London in between
1930 and 1934 bringing together Indian and British representatives
Rs. - Rupees (standard
unit of Indian currency (Hindi rupaiya from Sanskrit rupya, coined silver).
Three pies equal one pice; four pice equal one anna; sixteen annas equal one
rupee.
RSS – Rashtriya Swayam
Sevak Sangha
rui, mrigel, katla -
(beng.) carp, buffalo fish
Rupee (Rs.) - standard unit of
Indian currency (Hindi rupaiya from Sanskrit rupya, coined silver). Three pies
equal one pice; four pice equal one anna; sixteen annas equal one rupee.
ruti - (beng.) unleavened
whole wheat flour bread
ryot / raiyat - tenant farmer,
peasant also under-ryot –
under-tennant
ryotwari – Land revenue system
under which assessment are made on individual holdings.
___S________________________________________________________
saag - (beng.) leafy
vegetables
Sabha
–
see Hindu Mahasabha.
sadar - headquarters
Sadhu - Hindu ascetic,
wandering holy man who denounces worldly goods, travels around India (mostly on
foot) and lives by "donations"(Fakir for Muslims)
sadhubhasha – formal or literary
form of Bengali
Sahib - Mr. or Master; often
used in speaking of or addressing Europeans. (Hindi saheb, from Arabic sahib)
sahebi - anglicised
sais, syce - horse groom
Sakta – tradition of worship
of the energy/power symbolised by the mother goddess
Salaam - a salutation – peace
Salaam alaikum - Peace be unto you
salami – landlord’s transfer
fee
salgam- turnip
salwar kameez - loose, baggy trousers
worn under a long shirt worn by women mainly of the North, by young girls of
the South or as an alternative to the sari
sambhur - large deer
sammelan
–
Hindu conference reuniting diverse political movements
samiti – committee,
association
samosa - triangular fried
pastry
samp, sanp - snake
sampraday - community
samya – equality
samyabada – egalitarianism
samyabadi – someone who believes
and fights for equality
sanatan - eternal
sanatani - an orthodox Hindu.
sandesh - Bengali sweet
sangar - Temporary shallow
fortifications, normally built of loose stone.
san(g)athan
–
Hindu political organisation
sangeet - songs
sangram - struggle
sanyas – life of renunciation
sanyasi - an ascetic,
renunciate, recluse
santra - (hind.) orange
sapper - The equivalent of
private in the Royal Engineers; also a name for all engineers.
sarai - travelers hostelry
wirth stables, stable, or a caravanserai
sarani -
street
Saraswati - Goddess of speech and
learning, wife of Brahma
sarbajanin – open to all (castes),
universal
sarbadhinayak - captain
sardar - A title meaning
leader, head of mill workers, title of VSS Patel.
sarf karo – (mil.sl.) to kill
(from to clean up)
sari - Hindu women's dress,
single piece cloth, 5m to 9m long and 1m wide wrapped around the waist, a
portion covering the bosom and the head.
sarishtidar – clerk who administers
oaths, records, depositions etc.
sarkar - head of affairs in
business
sarki - arrow
sarso-ki-saag - (hind.) mustard
greens
sarva - all
Sati - wife of Shiva; self immolation
of a woman on her dead husband's funeral pyre (illegal)
satitva - chastity
Satyagraha - Gandhi’s policy of
non-violence; Truth-force or soul-force
(sat, truth; agraha, firm- ness); non-violent direct action; passive
resistance; civil disobedience; non-violent non-cooperation.
Satyagrahi - One who practices
satyagraha.
satsang - lecture or discourse
by a swami or guru (lit.: sat: "truth", sang: "company")
SB – Special Branch
SEAC - South East Asia
Command. The Supreme Allied Commander SEAC, Admiral Mountbatten, was
responsible directly to the British Chiefs of Staff in London, and through them
to the Combined British and US Chiefs of Staff for all operations by land, sea,
and air in Burma, Malaya, and Sumatra, and for clandestine operations in Siam
and French Indo-China.
SD – Sub-Division,
administrative area withi a district
seem - (hind.) broad bean
seer - unit of weight (2lbs)
sepoy - See ranks. sepoy -
native private soldier
sepoy - Indian infantryman in
an European army (Portuguese sipai, from Hindi sipahi, cavalryman)
sewai - vermicelli
serai – lodgigs for travelers
serang - boatswain
setu -
bridge
Sgt - Sergeant
shabash! - Bravo, a cry of
admiration
shaitan - Satan, devil
shaiqul
islam / cheikh al-islam (musl.) – supreme Islamic religious authority,
vacant since the beginning of the 1920, when Atatürk abolished the califat of
Istanbul. The Islamists want to re-establish it
shakarkhand - (hind.) sweet potato
shako - Stiff, tall military
hat (French, from Hungarian csákó)
Shakti - creative energies
perceived as female deities
Shaktism - the cult of Shakti
shanti - peace, favourite word
by certain tourists to describe peaceful places (when it's not anymore because
of them)
shamiana / shamyana -
tent, dais, used for outdoor functions
sharia
/ shariat (musl.) –
Islamic system of law.
Shastras - scriptures, religious
or sacred doctrine
sheem - (beng.) broad bean
sheikh
(musl.)
– Muslim honorific title reserved to religious elder, a spiritual guide a sage
or a master.
sher - a tiger
Sherman - A US-built tank with
the same chassis as the Lee-Grant, but with the main armament 75mm gun on top
of the hull in the conventional way. It also carried a co-axial machine-gun in
the turret and a machine-gun in a ball mounting in the front glacis (sloping)
plate of the hull.
Sheth - Master, a name given
to Hindus of importance in Sind and other parts of West India.
shifa
ul mulk / shifa al-malik (musl.) – communal title of Mughal origin
preserved by the British.
shikar - a hunting expedition,
“huntin' and shootin'”.
shikari - a skilled hunter who
hires his services
shikshita / shikkhito -
educated
Shiva/Siva - God of destruction
and recreation, one of the "Trimurti" (three main gods)
shole - murrel fish
shosha - (beng.) cucumber
Sradh - religious ceremony in
the memory of a deceased
Shrijut / Sit. - A common title
equivalent to esquire; often Shri or Srj., Sri
Shrimati / Smt. - A
common title for women.
shroff – moneylender, changer,
cashier
shuddhi – ritual purification
shuddhi
–
mass conversion of untouchables and tribal people to Hinduism. The movement is
similar to tabligh which has the objective of converting these groups to Islam.
Shudra - The fourth (and
lowest) caste of Hinduism-those who labor.
siddha chaal - (beng.) parboiled
rice
Sikh - A member of a
religious sect founded about 1500 A.D. in the Punjab.
silladar - Indian cavalryman who
provided his own equipment
Silnd - Bengali river or pond fish
simpkin - corruption of
"champagne"
Singh - Sikh male surname
(lit.: "lion")
sinnit - braided cord
siratul
moustaqim (sirat al-moustaqim) (musl.) – Islamic spiritual concept concerned with
the best way to accede to paradise.
sirdar - Hereditary noble or
other person of high rank (Hindi sardar, from Persian)
sirkar / sircar- the British government
in India, the head of domestic government, and any representativer thereof
siris - a common Indian tree
Sita - heroine of the Indian
epic "Ramayana"; an incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi
sitar - Indian string
instrument
Siva / Shiva - A god of the Hindu
triad, typifying destruction and reproduction.
skof - Food
slingers - Hard tack and coffee
Smt. – Shrimati, A common
title for women.
snotty - Midshipman [Royal
Navy]
SOE - Special Operations
Executive
solar / sola - topi leight weight hat made from the dired
pith of a plant (the sola)
sooji - semolina
sorshey saag - (beng.) mustard
greens
sowah, (cu.sawah) - mounted
orderly
sowar - Indian cavalryman
SP – Superintendent of
Police
Spitfire Mk VIII -
The single-engine fighter of Battle of Britain fame. Proved superior to
Japanese Zero and Oscar fighters.
spyglass - Telescope
Sq - Square
Sq Ldr - Squadron Leader
Sradh - The traditional
propitiatory rites on the eleventh day from the date of death.
Sri - holy, graceful,
auspicious, revered
srijukta – honorific title
(Hindu)
SS - Steam Ship
St - Saint
St - Street
stag – (mil.sl.) guard,
sentry-go
Start Line - A line in the ground,
usually a natural feature, stream, bank, or fence, preferably at ninety degrees
to the axis of advance, which marks the start line for the attack and is
crossed at H-Hour in attack formation. Can be marked by tape if there is no
natural feature which lends itself to being used as a start line.
Sten gun - A cheap,
mass-produced sub-machine-gun of British design. It fired 9mm ammunition, and
had a 32-round magazine. Ineffective except at close quarters; it was
inaccurate and the round had poor penetrating power. Because of its propensity
to fire by mistake, it was sometimes more dangerous to its owner and those
standing around than to the enemy.
stoppages - Money deducted from a
soldier's pay ("stopped") as a punishment)
stunt - assistant (Collector)
stupa - Buddhist religious
monument
subaltern - A junior officer in
the British army.
sub chiz / sub-cheese -
everything
sub-divisions
–
administrative subdivision of a district. There were 86 sub-divisions in
pre-independence
subedar - Indian infantry
officer (1st lieutenant)
subedar-major - Senior Indian
infantry officer
suder / sadar – district headquarter
sudder - chief, main
Sudra - the lowest of the
four main Hindu castes
SUHRAWARDY, H. S.
- Muslim League minister in Bengal 1937—45, and Chief Minister 1946-7.
sunnyasi - Hindu religious
mendicant
Supt - Superintendent
suttee - Widow burning. Hindu
widow who chose to be cremated on the funeral pyre of her husband as an
indication of her devotion to him (Sanskrit sati wife who performs suttee,
literally, devoted woman, from feminine of sat true, good; akin to Old English
soth, true)
suwarer mangsho -
(beng.) pork
suwar-ka-gosht - (hind.) pork
swaddy - Soldier.
swadeshi - Belonging to, or made
in, one's own country (swa, self; deshi, country); applied to movement for
boycott of foreign goods which started between 1905 and 1908 in Bengal. This
movement was a great influence in Gandhi in 1920.
swami - learned person, Hindu religious teacher; also
formerly used as respectful title for husband, (lit.: "Lord of the
self", swa: one's true self). Also used as honorific for saints.
Swaraj - Self-government (Swa,
self; raj, government); signifies
"sovereignty" or dominion up to 1930, and after that all out
"independence".
Swarajya
Party
– group which from inside Congress opposed between 1922 and 1926 the
anti-constitutional methods of Gandhi.
Swatis - Afghanistan tribe
syce - Attendant or groom,
stable-lad (Hindi sais, from Arabic sa'is)
syed
(saïd, sayid) (musl.) – eminent Islamic title for a rich and noble ahsraf.
___T________________________________________________________
tabla - type of drums
tabligh – conversion (to Islam)
Tac HQ - Tactical
Headquarters, a small group including the CO, or brigade commander forward of
the main HQ.
tairo – (mil.sl.) wait, hold
on
takbir – the expression
‘Allahu Akbar’ (God is great)
takkus - tax (probably derived
from Indian pronunciation of the English word 'tax')
taleb - pay
talims – wrestling clubs
taluka – administrative
sub-division of a district, area covered by a police station, also thanna
talukdar / taluqdar –
rent receiving small landowner, owner of a taluk.
tamasha - a show, excitement
tambo - tambourine
Tamil - A language spoken in
southern India and Ceylon.
tanda / thanda / tunda / thunda
- cold
tandoor - clay oven used for
cooking; wood burning oven for heating (and cooking) and occasionally burning the
chopped up bodies of victims of dowry killing
tanzim – (Islamic)
organisation
tar / taar - telegram, literally
"wire"
tarun - youth
tat - country bred pony
tatsama – derived from Sanskrit
tatties - screens kept wet for
coolness
taziya / tazia - model of the graves
of Hassan and Hussein carried by Shiites at Ashoura/Moharam
TB - Tuberculosis
teapoy / teapoi -
small tripod table
tebhaga – third shares, also
name of a peasant movement aiming to reduce sharecroppers rents from ½ share of
harvest to just 1/3 .
teen - three
tehsi – administrative unit
of a district
tehsildar - native tax-collector
Telugu - The largest division
of the Dravidian dialects in southern India.
tempo - noisy three wheeler
public transport, similar to an auto-rickshaw but bigger
tentul - (beng.) tamarind
terai - wide-brimmed hat,
probably an Anglo-Indian colloquialism
Terr. - Terrace
Thakur - one of the higher
Hindu castes
thali - tray, steel plate; a
plate of simple different dishes (i.e. daal, veg, rice, chapati)
thana - police station and basic urban
administrative unit, at the centre of which lies the local police station / jail
thano - pull (imperative)
thela - hand-pulled goods cart.
Pullers are called the pawalla
thiik/thiik hai -
"good"/ "is good", okay
thor - (beng.) white pith of
banana plant stem
thug - Literally, deceiver.
Worshippers of Kali who ritually murdered travelers, usually with a cloth scarf
(thugee cord). (Hindi thag, thief)
thugee - practice of the thugs
ticca gharri - hired four-wheel
carriage
tiercel - male falcon
tiffin - Lunch or snack
(obsolete English tiff to eat between meals)
tik hai / thik hai -
all right
tik hai? / thik hai? -
all right?
tika - Hindu mark on the
forehead tikkah - ornamental mark on forehead
tilak - Sandal paste mark placed
on the forehead for religious purposes.
tirailleurs - French riflemen, from
shooter??
TKS – Tippera Krishak
Samity
tola – tax, toll
tola - measurement of
weight, 11.6 gram
to fire into the brown -
Originally referred to hunters firing into a covey of game birds without aiming
at any particular bird, but was later used for soldiers firing into a charging
mass of natives.
Tommy - Tommy Atkins. Name
for the British common soldier
tonga / tanga - a
light two wheeled carriage drawn usually by ponies, holds two passengers
behind, space for luggage is in front beside the driver
toor/toovar dal -
(hind.) split pigeon peas
top khana - Artillery battery
topee - Helmet (Hindi topi)
topshey - (beng.) mango fish
topsi - (hind.) mango fish
torai - (hind.) ridged gourd
tram -
streetcar
transportation –
deportation of prisoners
Trimurti - Hindu trinity of God:
Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu
tulwar - a large curved sword
tum - thou, you (used to
inferiors)
___U________________________________________________________
U
Boat - German submarine
UK
- United Kingdom
ulank – type of small cargo
boat
ulema / ulama (musl.) – theologian and
member of the clergy who can be a customary judge (cadi), a judicial adviser
(mufti) or a politician (member of the majlis ul ulama).
UMP – United Muslim Party
unani
(musl.) –
Arabo-Islamic system of medicine
United
Muslim Party (UMP) (musl.) – political party mainly made up of small traders of
United
Press of
untouchables
- Castes or communities which, through ancestry, profession, or custom, are
looked upon as impure by orthodox Hindus. Also called Scheduled Castes,
Depressed Classes, Pariahs, and Harijans.
UP
- United Provinces
Upanishads
- Hindu religious philosophical discourses.
Upanishads
- ancient texts, part of the Vedas, Hindu philosophy dealing with the nature of
the universe and soul
UPML
- United Provinces Muslim League
urad
dal - (hind.) black gram
Urdu
- A Persianized Moslem form of Hindustani.
US
- United States
USAAF
- United States Army Air Force
ushna
chawal - (hind.) parboiled rice
USN
- United States Navy
USOWI
(
USSR
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
uttr
/ attar – perfume
___V________________________________________________________
vada – fried savoury.
Vaishnava / Vaishnab - A
sect of Hindus worshiping Vishnu as the one supreme God.
Vaishya - The third caste in
Hinduism-those who trade and farm.
vakil / ukil - lawyer
Valmiki - poet around the 3rd -
2nd century BC, author of the Ramayana
vapors - A Victorian belief
that emanations from bodily organs (such as the stomach) could affect the
physical and mental condition of people, especially women. Vapors were often
blamed for women fainting, although fashions that included binding women's
bodies so tight that they could barely breathe would seem to be a more likely
cause.
Vamashrama dharma -
Religion of caste (varna, color; ashrama, place of discipline).
Vanga
Desh –
ancient kingdom which gave its name to
varna - alternative term
for caste system
Varnashramdharma –
scriptural fourfold division of Brahmanical society, caste system
Vayu - god of wind
VC - Victoria Cross, the
highest British award for bravery in the face of the enemy. To date, in the 145
years since its inception by Queen Victoria for conspicuous bravery during the
Crimean War of 1854-56, only 1,354 VCs have been awarded, including a handful
of double VCs, five civilians under military command, and the one presented to
the American Unknown Warrior at Arlington. This figure includes the many
awarded to Imperial, Commonwealth, and Dominion servicemen.
VCO - Viceroy's
Commissioned Officer. There were three kinds of commissioned officer in the
Indian Army of the time: British officers and Indian officers with the King's
Commission who, in peacetime, or when not in battle or on operations, lived in
the Officer's Mess, and Viceroy's Commissioned Officers. VCOs were commissioned
from the ranks of the regiment or battalion, had a Viceroy's Commission, and
were junior to all King's Commissioned officers of any rank. Their nearest
equivalent in the British army was warrant officer, but VCOs had much higher
status, commanded platoons, were second-in-command of companies, and lived in
their own mess. They were addressed as Subedar Sahib, or Jemedar Sahib by all
ranks including by King's Commissioned officers. The subedar major was the
senior VCO in an Indian Army battalion, and had probably joined as a young
sepoy or rifleman at about the same time as the CO joined as a subaltern. He
was the CO's right-hand man and adviser on all regimental matters such as
customs, promotions, recruiting, how well, or otherwise, the British officers
(especially the younger ones) were relating to their Indian soldiers, and
religion.
VE - Victory in Europe
Vedanta - An important Hindu
philosophical system.
Vedas - Hindu sacred books
originating in the 2nd millennium BC
vedettes - Mounted sentries
veena - Indian string
instrument Vinar, (cu.veena) - string sitar like instrument resting on two
gourds
Vengeance - A single-engined
light bomber of US design, with a crew of two, and six .303 in machine-guns.
The bomb load was 1,500 Ib.
veranda - Roofed open gallery
attached to the exterior of a building (Hindi varanda)
Vickers Medium Machine-gun - A
First World War vintage belt-fed, watercooled machine-gun, rate of fire 500
rounds per minute. Maximum range with Mark VIIIZ ammunition, 4,500 yards.
vishayi bhadralok –
respectable salaried class
Vishnu - God of the Trimurti
(three main gods), "the preserver or sustainer". The other gods are
Brahma, the creator, and Siva, the destroyer and regenerator.
vizir – high state official
VJ - Victory in Japan
vyavasa – trade or business
vomitory – exit
___W________________________________________________________
WAAF
- Women's Auxiliary Air Force
wad
- Cake
wah
- exclamation of praise
wallah
- suffix for a person of a certain trade, or from a certain place etc; i.e.
rickshaw-wallah (rickshaw driver), chai-wallah (tea seller), Delhi-wallah (a
person from Delhi)
waqf
(ouakaf) (musl.) –
Concept of Hanafite origin. It is a
donation in perpetuity to a religious association. The donation may not be
afterwards sold gifted or otherwise be transmitted.
Warrant
Officer - Since 1913 there have been two classes
of Warrant Officer in the British army: WOII, typically a company/squadron
sergeant major, and WOI, usually regimental sergeant major, of which there is
generally only one in each battalion, regiment, or commando. Just before the
Second World War a WOIII, or platoon sergeant major grade, was created to
command platoons or troops, but it was not a success and was allowed to lapse.
A
WO has a warrant signed by a government minister or representative of the Army
Council, unlike a commissioned officer (of the rank of second lieutenant and
above), who has a King's or Queen's commission. Those junior to WOls and WOUs
in rank address them as sir and Mr (Surname); those superior to them formally
refer to them as Mr (Surname) but often address and refer to them as Sergeant
Major or RSM. Unlike VCOs, they are not saluted by those junior to them, and
live in the WOs' and Sergeants' Mess.
WAVELL,
Sir Archibald, later First Earl, - Commander-in-Chief
Middle East 1939-41; Commander-in-Chief India 1941-3; Viceroy of India 1943-7.
wet
- As in, "have a wet", tea
wizard
- Excellent, as in "a wizard time"
WRNS
- Women's Royal Naval Service
wog
- Derogatory term for Indians or Arabs. Sometimes also Wiley Oriental Gentleman
or Westernized Oriental Gentleman (Origin uncertain. Either Westernized
Oriental Gentleman or from Golliwogg, a living black doll in children's books
by the American writer Bertha Upton.
Workers
and Peasant Party –
communist grouping evolving from Congress and accused, at Meerut, of having
fermented the strikes of 1929.
wuh
- that one
WW1
- World War One
WW2
- World War Two
___X________________________________________________________
___Y________________________________________________________
yagna - sacrifice
yaksha - demi god
Yama - god of death
yatra - pilgrimage
yd - yard
yellow fever - A disease transmitted
by mosquitoes that causes jaundice, among many other symptoms
yellow jack - Yellow fever
YMCA - Young Men's Christian
Association
yogi - an ascetic
Yoni - Vagina symbol,
worshipped in conjunction with the lingam to symbolise the male and female
creative power of the God Shiva.
yunani – Indian system of
medicine of Islamic origin
yuga - devine or celestial
measurement of time; 1 yuga = 3000 celestial years; 1 celestial year = 3600
human years; therefore 1 yuga = 10,800 human years. See also Kalyug / Kali
Yuga.
YWCA - Young Women's
Christian Association
___Z________________________________________________________
zakat
(musl.)
–Islamic almsgiving one of the five pillars of Islam
zamindar
/ zemindar - land owner, originally tax collector,
paying the government a fixed revenue (Hindi zamindar, from Persian, from zamin
land + - dar holder)
zennana
- women’s quarters
ZETLAND,
Second Marquis of - Secretary of State for India
1935-40.
zilla
– subdivision, district
… zindabad ! – Long live … !
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Currencies
___Indian__________________________________________________
Pies, pice, annas, rupees & Mohurs
3 pies = 1 pice
12 pies = 4 pices = 1 anna
192 pies = 64 pices = 16 annas = 1 rupee
15 rupees = 1 mohur
Coins in circulation
On 15th August, 1950
Mohur
10 Rupees, 5 Rupees, Rupee
½ Rupee, ¼ Rupee
2 Annas, 1 Anna, ½ Anna, ¼ Anna, ½ Pice, 1/12 Anna
_____Older Coinage___________________________
Half Pice 1914
One Twelfth Anna 1926
OneQuarter Anna 1927
One Anna 1929
Two Anna 1916
Two Anna 1936
Four Anna 1920
One Quarter Rupee 1925
Eight Annas 1919
Half Rupee 1936
One Rupee 1917
15 Rupees of George V.
_____1940s Coinage____________________________
Half Pice 1940
One Pice 1944
One Twelfth Anna 1939
One Twelfth Anna 1939
Quarter Anna 1940
Half Anna 1947
One Anna 1943
One Anna 1941
One Anna 1947
Two Annas 1946
Two Anna 1947
One Fourth Rupee 1939
Half Rupee 1947
Half Rupee 1939
One Rupee 1938
One Rupee 1942
One Rupee 1947
_____1950 Independence Coinage __________________
One Pice 1950
Half Anna 1950
One Anna 1950
Two Anna 1950
Quarter Rupee 1950
Half Rupee 1950
One Rupee 1950
Conversion into today’s units
1 pie = 0.52 paise
1 pice = 1.56 paise
1 anna = 6.24 paise
Notes in circulation
Rupee One - King George VI - issued
by Government of India (since August 1940)
Rupees Two - King George VI - issued
by Government of India (3rd March , 1943)
Rupees Five - King George VI - issued
by Reserve Bank of India (since January 1938)
Rupees Ten - King George VI - issued by
Reserve Bank of India (since Febr.1938)
Rupees One Hundred - King George VI - issued by Reserve Bank of
India (since March1938)
Rupees One Thousand - King George VI - issued by Reserve Bank of
India (since June 1938)
Rupees Ten Thousand - King George VI - issued by Reserve Bank of
India (since June 1938)
Rupees Ten - King George VI -
Japanese forgeries
(seemingly signed
by Governor C.D. Deshmukh) (1942-1945)
Rupee One - Ashoka Pillar - issued
by Government of India (since 1949)
Rupees Five - Ashoka Pillar - issued by
Reserve Bank of India (since 1950)
Rupees Ten - Ashoka Pillar - issued
by Reserve Bank of India (since 1950)
Rupees One Hundred - Ashoka Pillar - issued by Reserve Bank of
India (since 1950)
Rupees One Thousand - Ashoka Pillar - issued by Reserve Bank of
India (since 1950)
Rupees Ten Thousand - Ashoka Pillar - issued by Reserve Bank of India (since 1950)
(source: Reserve Bank of India Museum Website http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum.html)
One Rupee (introduced in August 1940) as wartime measure (obverse)
One Rupee now with Lion Capital at Sarnath (introduced in 1949)
Two Rupees (introduced in 3rd March , 1943) as wartime measure (obverse)
Five Rupees (introduced in January 1938) (obverse)
Ten Rupees (introduced in February 1938) (obverse)
New changed Ten Rupees (with changed portrait) to combat Japanese forgeries in WW2 (obverse)
Ten Rupees now with Lion Capital at Sarnath (introduced in 1949)
One Hundred Rupees (introduced in March 1938) (obverse)
One Thousand Rupees (introduced in June 1938) (obverse)
Ten Thousand Rupees (introduced in June 1938) (obverse)
___British_________________________________________________
Farthings, pence, shillings, pounds & gunieas
2 farthings = ½ pence (d) (ha’p’ny)
4 farthings = 1 pence (d) (penny)
3 pence (d) (thrupence)= ¼ shilling (s)
4 pence (d) (fourpence)= 1/3 shilling (s)
6 pence (d) (sixpence)= ½ shilling (s)
12 pence (d) = 1 shilling (s) (one bob)
24 pence (d) = 2 shilling (s) = florin
60 pence (d) = 5 shilling (s) = crown
240 pence (d) = 20 shillings (s) =1 pound (£) sovereign
252 pence (d) = 21 shillings =1pound (£) +1 shilling (s)= 1 guinea
The Rupee & the Pound Sterling
(fixed in 1899 when India switched
effectively from the silver to the gold standard)
Mohur 15 Rupees £1
10 Rupees 10 Rupees 13s4d
5 Rupees 5 Rupees 6s8d
1 Rupee 16 Annas 1s4d
1/2 Rupee 8 Annas 8d
1/4 Rupee 4 Annas 4d
2 Annas 2 Annas 2d
1 Anna 4 Pice/12 Pies 1d
1/2 Anna 2 Pice/6 Pies 1/2d
1/4 Anna 1 Pice/3 Pies 1/4d
1/2 Pice 1/2 Pice/11/2 Pie 1/2 1/4d
1/12 Anna 1 Pie 1/3 1/4d
(source: “British Coinage of India, 1835-1947” Kelley L.
Ross, Ph.D.: at:
http://www.friesian.com/coins.htm )
The Pound Sterling & the Us Dollar
The table presents for each year the price of the U.S. Dollar in British Pounds £.
year rate
1939 £ 0.23
1940 £ 0.26
1941-48 £ 0.25
1949 £ 0.27
1950 £ 0.36
The Pound Sterling & Gold
Pound Sterling was set at 3.58 grams of fine gold in 1946 to fall to 2.49 grams of fine gold in 1949.
What things cost in Britain in 1941
Embassy cigarettes, 10 for 9d (4p) (0.06USD)
Wisdom toothbrushes, 2/5d (12p) (0.17USD) each
Eve toilet soap 3d (1.5p) (0.02USD) per bar
Palmolive toilet soap 4d (2p) (0.03USD) per bar
Vim 6d (2.5p) (0.04USD) per canister
De Reszke Minor cigarettes, 10 for 61/2d (2.5p) (0.04USD)
Hartley's headlamp masks 10/6 (52.5p) to 12/ 6d (62.5p) each
Gibbs Dentifrice 71/2d (3.5p) (0.05USD) per tin
Cremola Pudding 3d (1.5p) and 6d (2.5p) per pkt
Rowntrees cocoa 5d (2p) per 1/4lb and 91/2d (3.5p) per 1/2lb
Cadbury's Ration Chocolate 21/2d (1p) per bar,
(the supply was very limited - and the weight
of the bar was not mentioned.)
Gamages shirt (with a spare collar) 6/11d (35p) (0.52USD)
a pair of flannel trousers 15/9d (78p) (1.16USD)
a pair of shoes, all leather 13/9d (68p) (1.01USD)
mans self lined raincoat 1 guinea = £1/1/- (£1.05) (1.56USD).
(source: Westalls War at:
http://www.westallswar.org.uk/01_1941.html)
The value of a 1940s pound today (2002)
£1, 0s, 0d in 1939 has the same "purchase power" as £51.27 in the year 2002.
£1, 0s, 0d in 1939 = £51.27
£1, 0s, 0d in 1940 = £39.37
£1, 0s, 0d in 1941 = £34.73
£1, 0s, 0 d in 1942 = £29.10
£1, 0s, 0d in 1943 = £28.90
£1, 0s, 0d in 1944 = £27.98
£1, 0s, 0d in 1945 = £27.16
£1, 0s, 0d in 1946 = £26.22
£1, 0s, 0d in 1947 = £24.03
£1, 0s, 0d in 1948 = £22.29
£1, 0s, 0d in 1949 = £19.71
£1, 0s, 0d in 1950 = £19.65
(source Economic history Services at
http://www.eh.net/ehresources/howmuch/poundq.php)
_____BRITISH NOTES__________________________________
10 Shilling note issued by ‘Bank of England’ (obverse)
10 Shilling note issued by ‘Bank of England’ (reverse)
1 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ (obverse)
1 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ (reverse)
1 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ (obverse)
1 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ (reverse)
5 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ 1945 (obverse)
5 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ 1945 (reverse)
100 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ 1935 (obverse)
100 Pound note issued by ‘Bank of England’ 1935 (reverse)
___Other__________________________________________________
French India
24 chaches = 1 fanou (= 2 Indian annas)
8 fanous = 1 roupie (= 1 Indian rupee)
Notes in circulation :
Banque de l'Indochine: One Roupie, 10 Roupies, 50 Roupies.
10 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' 1949 (obverse)
10 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' 1949 (reverse)
50 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' 1915 (obverse)
50 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' 1915 (reverse)
1 Roupie Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' 1945 (obverse)
1 Roupie Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' 1945 (reverse)
5 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' (obverse)
5 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' (reverse)
50 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' (obverse)
50 Roupies Note issued by 'Banque De l'Indochine' (reverse)
Portuguese India
12 reis = 1 tanga (= 1 Indian anna)
16 tanga = 1 rupia (= 1 Indian rupee)
Notes in circulation :
Issued by Banco Nacional Ultramarino
4 Tanga Note issued by 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' since 1917 (obverse)
4 Tanga Note issued by 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' since 1917 (reverse)
5 Rupia Note issued by 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' 1940s (obverse)
5 Rupia Note issued by 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' 1940s (reverse)
100 Rupia Note issued by 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' 1945 (obverse)
100 Rupia Note issued by 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' 1945 (reverse)
Princely States
Hyderabad
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 rupee Osmania Sicca (= 1 Indian rupee)
Notes in circulation :
Rupee One, Rupees Five, Rs 10, Rupees 100 and Rupees One Thousand.
Five Rupee Osmania Sicca Note (Obverse) for the state of Hyderabad
Five Rupee Osmania Sicca Note (Reverse) for the state of Hyderabad
Ten Rupee Osmania Sicca Note (Obverse) for the state of Hyderabad
Ten Rupee Osmania Sicca (Reverse) for the state of Hyderabad
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Sailana
Cash Coupons (emergency
money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Sayla
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Junagadh
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Mengni
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Nawanagar
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Bikaner
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Bikaner
Cash Coupons (emergency money to relieve lack of coins) for the state of Bundi
Nepal
64 pke = 1 rupee (= 1 Indian rupee)
Bhutan
as India
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 rupee
15 rupees = 1 mohur
Burma
- 1942
as India (but own designs)
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 rupee
15 rupees = 1 mohur
15 Oct 1942 – 1945
100 cent = 1 rupee
1945-1953 as India
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 rupee
15 rupees = 1 mohur
5 Rupees issued by the Reserve Bank of India for Burma in 1938 (obverse)
10 Rupees issued by the Reserve Bank of India for Burma in 1938 (obverse)
collected by Malcolm Moncrieff Stuart, I.C.S. (Indian Civil Service), Calcutta
(source: personal
scrapbook kept by Malcolm
Moncrieff Stuart O.B.E., I.C.S. seen on 20-Dec-2005 /
Reproduced by courtesy of Mrs. Malcolm Moncrieff Stuart)
Ceylon & Maldives/Sri Lanka & Maldives
100 cents = 1 rupee (= 1 Indian rupee)
Singapore & Malaya
100 cents = 1 Straits or Malaya dollar
10 Straits-Dollar Note issued by the Japanese Occupation Authorities for Malaya
Thailand
100 satangs = 1 bhat
Dutch East-Indies/Indonesia
-1950
as Netherlands 100 cents = 1 gulden
One Guilder note for Dutch India (now Indonesia)
50 Guilder note issued by the Javasche Bank in 1938
1950-
100 seu = 1 rupiah
French Indochina/Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
-1945
100 cents= 1 piastre
1945
100 xu = 10 hao =1 dong
1946 -
100 cents = 1 dong
Hong Kong
-1942
100 cents = 1 Hong Kong dollar
1942-1945 as Japan
10 rin = 1 sen
100 sen = 1 yen
1945-
100 cents = 1 Hong Kong dollar
Macao
100 avos = 1 pataca
Philippines
100 centavos = 1 peso
Tibet
6 2/3 trangka = 1 sang
Aghanistan
100 poul = 1 afgani (rupee)
Persia
100 dinars = 1 rial
20 rials = 1 pahlavi
Oman, Bahrain, Qatar and the Trucial States
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 Persian Gulf Rupee (= 1 Indian rupee)
One Rupee issued by the Reserve Bank of India for the Gulf States in 1948 (obverse)
10 Rupees issued by the Reserve Bank of India for the Gulf States in 1948 (obverse)
100 Rupees issued by the Reserve Bank of India for the Gulf States in 1948 (obverse)
Kuwait
as India
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 rupee
15 rupees = 1 mohur
Haj Pilgrims to Mecca
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 Haj Rupee(= 1 Indian rupee)
Special 10 Rupee note issued to Haj pilgrims to spend in Arabia
Special 100 Rupee note issued to Haj pilgrims to spend in Arabia
Saudi Arabia
110 guerche = 10 riyal = 1 gold sovereign
Iraq
1000 fils = 1 dinar
10 Dinar Note from Iraq
Jordan
-1950
1000 milliemes =1 Palestine pound
1950-
1000 fils = 1 Jordanian dinar
Syria/Lebanon
100 centimes = 1 piastre
Palestine/Israel
1000 mills=1 Palestine pound
1948- (Israel)
1000 prutot= 1 Israeli pound
1948- (Palestine)
as Jordan
Egypt
100 piasters = 1 Egyptian pound
10 Egyptian Pounds note issued by the National Bank of Egypt in 1931
Yemen
40 bogaches = 1 imadi
Aden & British Somaliland
as India
3 pies = 1 pice
4 pice = 1 anna
16 annas = 1 rupee
15 rupees = 1 mohur
Italian East-Africa/Ethiopia, Somalia, eritrea
-1952 as Italy
100 centesimis = 1 lira
50 Lire Note for Italian East Africa
1946-
(Ethiopia)
100 cents = 1 Ethiopian dollar
10 Thaler note issued by the Bank of Ethiopia in 1933
British East-Africa & Mauritius
100 cents = 1 shilling
20 shilling = 1 pound (=15 Indian rupees)
Mauritius & seychelles
100 cents = 1 rupee (= 1 Indian rupee)
Portuguese East-Africa
100 = 1 escudo
1 Escudo note issued by the ‘Companhia de Mocambique’ in 1937
South Africa
as Britain
4 farthing = 1 pence
12 pence = 1 shilling
20 shillings =1 pound
West Africa
as Britain
4 farthing = 1 pence
12 pence = 1 shilling
20 shillings =1 pound
20 Shilling note issued by the ‘West African Currency Board’ for the British colonies in West Africa 1937
Australia
as Britain
4 farthing = 1 pence
12 pence = 1 shilling
20 shillings =1 pound
New Zealand
as Britain
4 farthing = 1 pence
12 pence = 1 shilling
20 shillings =1 pound
One Pound note issued by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in 1933
Mongolia
100 mung = 1 tugrik
Tanu Tuva
100 kopecks = 1 aksha
China
100 cents = 1 dollar
Manchukuo
-1945
100 fen = 1 yuan
Taiwan
-1946 as Japan
10 rin = 1 sen
100 sen = 1 yen
1946 -
100 sen = 1 dollar
Korea
-1946
19 rin = 1 cheun (=1 jap sen)
100 cheun = 1 weun (=1 jap yen)
1946 -
100 cheun = 1 weun
Japan
10 rin = 1 sen
100 sen = 1 yen
1 Yen note for Japan 1938
Germany
-1948
100 pfennig = 1 reichsmark
1948-
100 pfennig = 1 mark (west/east)
France
100 centimes = 1 franc
Italy
100 centesimis = 1 lira
Portugal
100 centavos = 1 escudo
Netherlands
100 cents = 1 gulden (florin)
USA
100 cents= 1dollar
20 Dollar Note (obverse)
20 Dollar Note (reverse)
The Rupee & the US Dollar
The table presents for each year the price for one U.S. Dollar in Rupees Rs.
year rate
1939 Rs 3.00
1940-47 Rs 3.32
1948 Rs 3.31
1949 Rs 3.61
1950 Rs 4.79
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements
Bengali
___Counting______________________________________________
Lakh & Crore
1 lakh = 100,000
1 crore = 10,000,000
___Weights________________________________________________
Jewelers’ weights
8 rutties = 1 masha = 15 troy grains.
12 mashas = 1 tola = 180 troy grains
Light weights
1 tola (weight of one silver rupee) = 180 grains troy = 11.66 grams
5 tolas = 1 chittak = 2 ounces = 58.32 grams
20 tolas = 4 chittacks = 1 pauwa = 8 ounces =233.28 grams
80 tolas = 16 chittacks = 4 pauwas = 1 seer = 2.500 pounds troy
= 2.057 pounds av. =933.12 grams
Heavy weights
5 seer = 1 passerce (passeri) = 4.6656 kg
35 seers = 7 passerce = 72.00 pounds av. = 32.6592 kg
40 seers = 8 passerces = 1 maund = 100.00 pounds troy
= 82.28 pounds av. =37.32 kilograms
___Fluid___________________________________________________
1 seer (80 tolas) = 0.937 liters
___Rice____________________________________________________
1 maund = 82.28 lb = 37.32 kg
1 seer = 2.057 lb = 0.933 kg
1 kg = 2.20462 lb = 1.07 seer
___Distance_______________________________________________
12 angulis (digits) = 1 bighat (span) = 9 inches (in.)
24 angulis = 2 bighat = 1 hath (cubit), moolum = 18 inches = 45.7 cm
48 angulis = 4 bighat = 2 hath = 1 gaz, gudge = 1 yard (yd.) = 91.44 cm
= 80 haths = 40 gaz = 1 rusi = 36.56 m
= 8000 haths = 4000 gaz = 100 rusi = 1 kros
=4000 yd. = 2.27 miles = 3.656 km
___Area___________________________________________________
Land measures vary from state to state. These are the values for Bengal.
1 ganda = 1 square hath (cubit) = = 0.209 sq metre
4 gandas = 4 square hath = 1 square yard = 0.836 sq. metre
20 gandas = 1 chattack (ch.) = 5 square yard
320 gandas =16 chattacks =1 cottah (cot.) = 80 square yard
320 chattacks =20 cottahs = 1 bigha (bi.) = 1600 square yards (sq. yds.)
= 0.133778 hectar (ha.)
60 ½ cot. = 3 bighas + 8 chhataks = 1 acre = 0.40468 ha
121 bighas = 40 acres
1936 bighas = 1 square mile (sq. mil.) = 2.59 ha
___Volume___________________________________________________
___Temperature___________________________________________
Other
Indian
Weights and measures vary
Weights and measures vary, not only from district to district, but also from one commodity to another, and even common names are found in varying forms. The principal units in all scales of weights and measures are maund, seer and tola. The Indian tola is the same weight as a 1 rupee coin (also, the standard weight for a good wedding bangle) and sometimes postal rates are quoted in tolas. The standard or Railway seer is. equal to 2.057 pounds and the standard or Railway maund is 40 seers or 82.28 pounds. Copper, brass and vegetables in the market are sometimes quoted by the seer which is officially slightly more than two pounds, but commonly taken as two pounds.
However, metric measures are official, and in New Delhi you will find them commonly used along with English measures. Road signs usually measure the distance in kilometers, .624 mile. You will buy your gasoline (petrol) by the liter, which is 1.056 U.S. liquid quarts or 0.878 English liquid quart. You will buy your cloth by the meter; one meter being 1.093 yards, or 3.281 feet, or 39.370 inches. English pecks, bushels, pounds and ounces are the same as American; not so pints, quarts and gallons.
Newcomers to India are addicted to thermometer watching (especially in the summer). The daily weather bulletins in the newspapers usually use Centigrade figures.
___Weights________________________________________________
The Seer
SEER, s. Hind. ser; Skt. setak. One of the most generally spread Indian denominations of weight, though, like all Indian measures, varying widely in different parts of the country. And besides the variations of local ser and ser we often find in the same locality a pakka (pucka) and a kachchha (cutcha) ser; a state of things, however, which is human, and not Indian only (see under PUCKA). The ser is generally (at least in upper India) equivalent to 80 tolas or rupee-weights; but even this is far from universally true. The heaviest ser in the Useful Tables (see Thomas’s ed. of Prinsep) is that called “Coolpahar,” equivalent to 123 tolas, and weighing 3 lbs. 1 oz. 6¼ dr. avoird.; the lightest is the ser of Malabar and the S. Mahratta country, which is little more than 8 oz. [The Macleod ser of Malabar, introduced in 1802, is of 130 tolas; 10 of these weigh 33 lb. (Madras Man. ii. 516).]
Regulation VII. of the Govt. of India of 1833 is entitled “A Reg. for altering the weight of the Furruckabad Rupee (see RUPEE) and for assimilating it to the legal currency of the Madras and Bombay Presidencies; for adjusting the weight of the Company’s sicca Rupee, and for fixing a standard unit of weight for India.” This is the nearest thing to the establishment of standard weights that existed up to 1870. The preamble says: “It is further convenient to introduce the weight of the Furruckabad Rupee as the unit of a general system of weights for Government transactions throughout India.” And Section IV. contains the following:
“The Tola or Sicca weight to be equal to 180 grains troy, and the other denominations or weights to be derived from this unit, according to the following scale:—
8 Rutties = 1 Masha = 15 troy grains.
12 Mashas = 1 Tola = 180 ditto. 80 Tolas (or sicca weight) = 1 Seer = 2½ lbs. troy. 40 Seers = 1 Mun or Bazar Maund = 100 lbs. troy.”
Section VI. of the same Regulation says:
“The system of weights and measures (?) described in Section IV. is to be adopted at the mints and assay offices of Calcutta and Saugor respectively in the adjustment and verification of all weights for government or public purposes sent thither for examination.”
But this does not go far in establishing a standard unit of weight for India: though the weights detailed in § iv. became established for Government purposes in the Bengal Presidency. The seer of this Regulation was thus 14,400 grains troy—2½ lbs. troy, 2·057 lbs. avoirdupois.
In 1870, in the Government of Lord Mayo, a strong movement was made by able and influential men to introduce the metrical system, and an Act was passed called “The Indian Weights and Measures Act” (Act XI. of 1870) to pave the way for this. The preamble declares it expedient to provide for the ultimate adoption of an uniform system of weights and measures thoughout British India, and the Act prescribes certain standards, with powers to the Local Governments to declare the adoption of these.
Section II. runs:
“Standards.—The primary standard of weight shall be called ser, and shall be a weight of metal in the possession of the Government of India, which weight, when weighed in a vacuum, is equal to the weight known in France as the kilogramme des Archives.”
Again, Act XXXI. of 1872, called “The Indian Weights and Measures of Capacity Act,” repeats in substance the same preamble and prescription of standard weight. It is not clear to us what the separate object of this second Act was. But with the death of Lord Mayo the whole scheme fell to the ground. The ser of these Acts would be=2·2 lbs. avoirdupois, or 0·143 of a pound greater than the 80 tola ser. 1554.—“Porto Grande de Bemgala.—‘The maund (mão)
(Source “Hobbson Jobson”)
The Maund
MAUND, s. The authorised Anglo-Indian
form of the name of a weight (Hind. man,
Mahr. man), which, with varying values,
has been current over Western Asia from time immemorial. Professor Sayce traces
it (mana) back to the Accadian language.*
But in any case it was the Babylonian name for 1f80 of a talent, whence it
passed, with the Babylonian weights and measures, almost all over the ancient
world. Compare the men or mna of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions,
preserved in the emna or amna of the Copts, the Hebrew maneh, the Greek MNA=, and the Roman mina. The introduction of the word into India
may have occurred during the extensive commerce of the Arabs with that country
during the 8th and 9th centuries; possibly at an earlier date. Through the
Arabs also we find an old Spanish word almena,
and in old French almene, for a weight
of about 20 lbs. (Marcel Devic).
The quotations will show how the Portuguese converted man into mao, of which the English made maune, and so (probably by the influence of the
See Sayce, Principles of Comparative Philology, 2nd ed. 208-211.
[p. 564]
old English word maund)* our present form, which occurs as early as 1611. Some of the older travellers, like Linschoten, misled by the Portuguese mao, identified it with the word for 'hand' in that language, and so rendered it.
The values of the man as weight, even in modern times, have varied immensely, i.e. from little more than 2 lbs. to upwards of 160. The 'Indian Maund,' which is the standard of weight in British India, is of 40 sers, each ser being divided into 16 chhitaks; and this is the general scale of subdivision in the local weights of Bengal, and Upper and Central India, though the value of the ser varies. That of the standard ser is 80 tolas (q.v.) or rupee-weights, and thus the maund= 82 2f7 lbs. avoirdupois. The Bombay maund (or man) of 48 sers=28 lbs.; the Madras one of 40 sers=25 lbs. The Palloda man of Ahmadnagar contained 64 sers, and was=163f lbs. This is the largest man we find in the 'Useful Tables.' The smallest Indian man again is that of Colachy in Travancore, and that=18 lbs. 12 oz. 13 dr. The Persian Tabrizi man is, however, a little less than 7 lbs.; the man shahi twice that; the smallest of all on the list named is the Jeddah man=2 lbs. 3 oz. 9f dr.
B.C. 692. -- In the "Eponymy of Zazai," a house in Nineveh, with its shrubbery and gates, is sold for one maneh of silver according to the royal standard. Quoted by Sayce, u.s.
B.C. 667. -- We find Nergal-sarra-nacir lend- ing "four manehs of silver, according to the maneh of Carchemish." -- Ibid.
c. B.C. 524. -- "Cambyses received the Libyan presents very graciously, but not so the gifts of the Cyrenaeans. They had sent no more than 500 minae of silver, which Cambyses, I imagine, thought too little. He therefore snatched the money from them, and with his own hand scattered it among the soldiers." -- Herodot. iii. ch. 13 (E.T. by Rawlinson).
c. A.D. 70. -- "Et quoniam in mensuris quoque ac ponderibus crebro Graecis nominibus utendum est, interpretationem eorum semel in hoc loco ponemus: . . . mna, quam nostri minam vocant pendet drachmas Atticas c." -- Pliny, xxi., at end.
c. 1020. -- "The gold and silver ingots
"Maund, a kind of great Basket or Hamper, containing eight Bales, or two Fats. It is commonly a quantity of 8 bales of unbound Books, each Bale having 1000 lbs. weight." -- Giles Jacob, New Law Dict., 7th ed., 1756, s. v
amounted to 700,400 mans in weight."-<-> Al'Utbi, in Elliot, ii. 35.
1040. -- "The Amir said: -- 'Let us keep fair measure, and fill the cups evenly.' . . . Each goblet contained half a man."-<-> Baihaki, ibid. ii. 144.
c. 1343.-
"The Mena of Sarai makes in Genoa weight . . . lb. 6 oz. 2
The Mena of Organici (Urghanj) in Genoa . . . . lb. 3 oz. 9
The Mena of Oltrarre (Otrar) in Genoa . . . . lb. 3 oz. 9
The Mena of Armalecho (Almaligh) in Genoa . . . lb. 2 oz. 8
The Mena of Camexu (Kancheu in N.W. China) . . . lb. 2"
Pegolotti, 4.
1563. -- "The value of stones is only because people desire to have them, and because they are scarce, but as for virtues, those of the loadstone, which staunches blood, are very much greater and better attested than those of the emerald. And yet the former sells by maos, which are in Cambay . . . equal to 26 arratels each, and the latter by ratis, which weigh 3 grains of wheat." -- Garcia, f. 159v.
1598. -- "They have another weight called Mao, which is a Hand, and is 12 pounds." -- Linschoten, 69; [Hak. Soc. i. 245].
1610. -- "He was found . . . to have sixtie maunes in Gold, and euery maune is five and fiftie pound weight." -- Hawkins, in Purchas, i. 218.
1611. -- "Each maund being three and thirtie pound English weight." -- Middleton, ibid. i. 270.
[1645. -- "As for the weights, the ordinary mand is 69 livres, and the livre is of 16 onces; but the mand, which is used to weigh indigo, is only 53 livres. At Surat you speak of a seer, which is 1f livres, and the livre is 16 onces." -- Tavernier, ed. Ball, i. 38.]
c. 1665. -- "Le man pese quarante livres par toutes les Indes, mais ces livres ou serres sont differentes selon les Pais."-<-> Thevenot, v. 54.
1673. -- "A Lumbrico (Sconce) of pure Gold, weighing about one Maund and a quarter, which is Forty-two pounds." -- Fryer, 78.
"
"The Surat Maund . . . is 40 Sear,
of 20 Pice the Sear, which is 37l.
The Pucka Maund at Agra is double as much, where is also the
Ecbarry Maund which is 40 Sear, of 30 Pice to the Sear. . . ."
Ibid. 205.
1683. -- "Agreed with Chittur Mullsaw and Muttradas, Merchants of this place (Hugly), for 1,500 Bales of ye best Tissinda Sugar, each bale to weigh 2 Maunds, 6f Seers, Factory weight." -- Hedges, Diary, April 5; [Hak. Soc. i. 75].
1711. -- "Sugar, Coffee, Tutanague, all sorts of Drugs, &c., are sold by the Maund Tabrees; which in the Factory and Custom
[p. 565]
house is nearest 6fl. Avoirdupoiz. . . . Eatables, and all sorts of Fruit . . . &c. are sold by the Maund Copara of 7fl. . . . The Maund Shaw is two Maunds Tabrees, used at Ispahan." -- Lockyer, 230.
c. 1760. -- Grose says, "the maund they weigh their indicos with is only 53 lb." He states the maund of Upper India as 69lb.; at Bombay, 28 lb.; at Goa, 14 lb.; at Surat, 37f lb.; at Coromandel, 25 lb.; in Bengal, 75 lb.
1854. -- ". . . You only consent to make play when you have packed a good maund of traps on your back." -- Life of LordLawrence, i. 433.
(Source “Hobbson Jobson”)
tank in Bombay 1225/72 grains
pice in Bombay 72/30 tanks
seer 72/35 lb
maund 40 seer
candy 560 lb in Bombay 254 kg, in Madras 226,8 kg.
chittak 57,5 g.
maund (official) 37,29 kg, in Bombay 12,7 kg, in Madras 11,34 kg.
pa 235 g.
picul (outam) 60,48 kg.
seer (official) 0,93 kg, in Madras 0,28 kg, in Bombay 0,33 kg.
tola 11,66 g.
visham 1,36 kg.
___Fluid___________________________________________________
puddee 2.89 Britsh pints # Madras
ser 1 litre # India
___Distance_______________________________________________
ungul 1,9 cm.
hat'h 18 in 45,72 cm # Bengal, Bombay
moolum hat'h
covid 18 in # Madras, Bombay, Siam
gudge = in Bombay 68,58 cm, in Madras 83,82 cm.
danda 1,83 m.
coss 1.920,2 m.
___Area___________________________________________________
bigha 0,253 ha.
cawnie 1.322 acre 0,534 ha
___Volume___________________________________________________
___Temperature___________________________________________
British
Imperial
___Weights________________________________________________
Troy (Jewellers’) weights
1 grains (gr.) = 0.0648 grams
20 grains = 1 scruple (s.ap.) = 1.296 grams
24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 1.555 grams
60 grains = 3 scruples = 1 dra(ch)m (dr.t. / dr.ap.) = 3.888 grams
480 garins = 20 dwt. = 8 dr.t. = 1 ounce (oz.ap.) = 31.104 grams
5760 grains = 240 pennyweights = 12 ounces = 1 pound( lb.t.) = 373.000 grams
Avoirdupois Weights
1 dra(ch)m (dr.av.) = 1.77 grams
16 dra(ch)ms =1 ounce (oz. av.) = 28.35 grams
16 ounces = 1 pound( lb.av.) =453.59 grams
14 pound = 1 stone (st.) = 6.35 kg
28 pounds = 2 stones = 1 quarter (qr.) = 12.7 kg
112 pounds = 8 stones = 4 quarters = 1 hundred weight (cwt.) = 50.80 kg
2240 pounds = 160 stones = 80 quarters = 20 cwt. = 1 ton (tn.) = 1,016 kg
___Capacity______________________________________________
Apothecaries’ Fluid Measures
1 minim (min. / m.) = 0.0006 dl
60 minims = 1 fluid drachm (dr.fl.) = 0.0355 dl
480 minims = 8 fluid drachm = 1 fluid ounce (oz.fl.) = 0.284 dl
= 160 fluid drachm = 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint (pt.) = 0.568 l
Dry and Fluid Measures
1 gill (gi. / gl.) = 0.142 liters
4 gills = 1 pints (pt.) = 0.568 liters
8 gills = 2 pints = 1 quart (qt.) = 1.136 liters
32 gills = 8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon (Imp.gal.) = 4.546 liters
Dry Measures
2 gallon (Imp.gal.) = 1 peck (pk.) = 9.092 liters
8 gallon (Imp.gal.) = 4 peck (pk.) = 1 bushel (bu. / bsh.) = 36.36 liters
= 32 pecks = 8 bushels = 1 quarter (qr.) = 290.94 liters
Fluid Measures
= 36 gallon (imperial) = 1 barrell (bbl. / bl.) = 1.636 hl
___Rice____________________________________________________
1 bushel = 0.73 maund = 29.17 seer = 60 lb
1 bushel per acre = 67.253 kg per ha
1 quintal = 100 kg
(source: http://www.riceweb.org/Convertabs.htm)
___Distance_______________________________________________
Linear Measures
1 inch (in.) = 2.54 centimetres
12 inches = 1 foot (ft.) = 30.48 centimetres
36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard (yd.) = 91.44 centimetres
Distance and surveyors’ Measures
7.92 inches = 1 link (li. l.) = 20.12 centimetres
5 ½ yards = 25 links = 1 pole (p.), rod (rd.), perch (p.) = 5.03 metres
= 100 links = 4 rods = 1 chain (ch.) = 20.12 metres
40 poles = 10 chains = 1 furlong (fur.) = 201.17 metres
1760 yds. = 320 poles = 8 furlongs = 1 mile (mi.) = 1.609 kilometres
3 miles = 1 league (lea.) = 4.828 kilometres
Nautical Measures
6 feet = 1 fathom (fm.) = 1.83 metres
600 feet = 100 fathoms = 1 cable(’s) length = 183.00 metres
6000 feets = 1000 fm. = 10 cable’s length = 1 nautical mile (n.m.) = 1.852 kilometres
___Area___________________________________________________
Square Measures
1 square inch (sq.in.) = 6.45 sq. centimetre
144 square inches = 1 sq. foot (sq.ft.) = 929.03 sq. centimetre
9 sq feet = 1 square. yard (sq.yd.) = 0.836 sq. metre
30 ¼ sq yds. = 1 square pole (sq.p.), rod (sq.rd.) , perch (sq.p.) = 25.29 sq. metre
484 sq yds = 16 sq poles = 1 square chain (sq.ch.) = 404.64 sq. metre
= 40 sq. poles = 2.5 sq chain = 1 rood (ro.) = 0.101 hectar
4840 sq yds. = 160 sq poles = 10 sq chains = 4 roods = 1 acre (a.) = 0.405 hectar
640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 2.59 sq. kilometre
___Volume___________________________________________________
1cubic inch (cu.in.) = 16.387 cubic cm
1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot (cu.ft.) = 0.028 cubic metre
= 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (cu.yd.) = 0.765 cubic metre
= 100 cubic feet = 1 register ton (reg.tn.) = 2.832 cubic metre
___Temperature___________________________________________
1 degree Fahrenheit = 9/5º centigrade+32
Metric
___Weights________________________________________________
___Fluid___________________________________________________
1 liter 1.056 U.S. liquid quarts or 0.878 English liquid quart
___Distance_______________________________________________
1 meter 1.093 yards, or 3.281 feet, or 39.370 inches
1 kilometer = 0.624 mile
___Area___________________________________________________
___Temperature___________________________________________
Other Asian Units of Meassurement
___Ceylon________________________________________________
anoman 5.60 brbushel
ammomam anoman
amomam anoman
parah 5.59 brpints
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Burma___________________________________________________
kyat .03652 lb
maik 13/2 inches
cubit 3 maik
tang 2 mi
teng 2218.2 cu in
tical 1/100 viss (Rangoon)
viss 100 ticals 511/140 lb = 3 pounds 8 ounces (Rangoon)
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Singapore,
Straits Settlements & North Borneo______
Singapore
chupah 1.66 brpint
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
Straits Settlements
chupak 1 brquart
gantang 32 brgallon
kati 4/3 lb (also China)
gin kati
koyan 16000/3 lb
hoon 4/300 oz
chee 10 hoon
tahil 10 chee
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
North Borneo
chapah 9/5 lb
ella 1 yard
para 90 lb
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___East
Africa_______________________________________________
mkono 45.72 centimetres
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___China___________________________________________________
ch'ih 1.175 ft
pu 5 ch'ih
chang 10 ch'ih
ch'ien 58.5 grains
ching 121 sq ft
ch'ing 72600 sq ft
chuo 1815 sq ft
fen 5.83 grains
hu approx 12.5 brgallons
kati 4/3 lb (also Straits Settlements)
gin kati
kin .601 kg (also Japan)
kung 78.96 in
leang 1750/3 grain
li 360 pu
liang 4/3 oz
chin 16 liang
catty chin
mace 175/3 grains
mou 806.65 sq yd
pecul 400/3 lb
sheng 1.813 brpint
shih 160 lb
tan 25 brgal
tangsun 10 li
tou approx 18 brpint
t'sun 1.41 inch
tu 100.142 mi
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Hong
Kong_______________________________________________
chek 117/8 in
kan 4/3 lb
tam 400/3 lb
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Thailand_______________________________________________
covid 18 in (also Madras & Bombay)
bat 234 grains
tical bat
keu 40 in
kup 10 in
nin 10/12 in
sen 44.4 mi
thangsat 4.688 brgallon
thanan 1.5 brpint
wa 80 in
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Japan_____________________________________________________
bu 3.0306 sq m
tsubo bu
go 180.39 cc
hiyakame 5797.198 grains
hiyakkin 132.5 lb
ken 5.965 ft
kin .601 kg (also China)
koku 4.9629 brbushel
gall 1/39.7033 koku
to 3.9703 galls
momme .008281 lb
kwan 1000 momme
kuwan kwan
i 2.440 mi
se 118.615 sq yd
shaku .3 metre
shoo 1.804 litre
tael 10 momme
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Korea___________________________________________________
ch'ok 7.75 in
kon 4/3 lb
sung 4 lb
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Persia_____________________________________________________
artaba 1.809 brbushel
capicha .58 brgallon
chenica .289 brgallon
collothun 1.809 brgallon
batman 6.5 lb
karwar 100 batman
miscal 71 grains
guz 3.88/6000 mi
persakh 6000 guz
parasang persakh
ratel 1.014 lb
zer 73/2 in
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Arabia___________________________________________________
behar 439.45 lb
covido approx 18 in
greatcovido 27 in
koddi 1.67 brgal
mahud 2.04 lb
rattel 17.219 lb
rottle rattel
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
___Egypt_____________________________________________________
ardeb 5.447 brbushel
daribah 43.58 brbushel
diraa 27 in
draa diraa
pic diraa
dirhem 1.761 dram
endaseh approx 25 in
hindazi endaseh
feddan 1.028 acre
rotl .990492 lb
kantar 100 rotl
cantaro kantar
kassabah 3.8824 yards
(source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1940s Calendar
Here
we present two calendars fro the period we are interested in. One calendar is
the western one and the other set in ralation to it is the Bengali one.
We
d know that there still seem to be some errors in the Bengali calendar, but
have been unable to find out how to correct them. If any one out there can spot the errors and
knows how to correct them, let us know at info@calcutta1940s.org.
The Bengali
Calendar
Bengali Months And Seasons
Name (days) Origin (Star names) Season (transl.)
Boishakh (31) Bishakha Gris(m)o (Summer)
Joyeshtho (32) Joishtho
Asharh (31) Shar Borsha (Monsoon)
Shrabon (31) Sraboni
Bhadro (31) Bhadrapodo Sharot
Ashwin (30) Ashwaini
Kartik (30) Kartik Hemonto (Autumn)
Ograhoyon (30) Ograihon
Poush (30) Poushya Sheet (Winter)
Magh (30) Magh
Falgun (30) Falguni Basonto (Spring)
Choitro (30) Chitra
Bengali Days of the Week
English Bengali (Meaning)
Sunday Robibar (Day of the Sun)
Monday Shombar (Day of the Moon)
Tuesday Mongolbar (Day of Mars)
Wednesday Budhbar (Day of Mercury)
Thursday Bryhoshpotibar (Day of Jupiter) (GuruBar in rest of India)
Friday Shukrobar (Day of Venus)
Saturday Shonibar (Day of Saturn)
Bengali Days of the Month
Unlike the English who use cardinal numbers for the days of the month (1st, 2nd 3rd etc.), the Bengalis have a separate set of words for this purpose.
Engl. Bengali Engl. Bengali Engl. Bengali
1st poyla 11th egaroyi 21st ekuse
2nd dosora 12th baroyi 22nd baishe
3rd tesora 13th teroyi 23rd teyishe
4th coutha 14th coddoyi 24th cobbishe
5th pacoyi 15th poneroyi 25th pocishe
6th choyi 16th sholoyi 26th chabbishe
7th satoyi 17th soteroyi 27th satashe
8th atoyi 18th atharoyi 28th athashe
9th noyi 19th unishe 29th untrishe
10th doshoyi 20th bishe 30th trishe
31st ektrishe
(Note that some Bengali month have 32 days) 32nd bottrishe
1939-1950
Gregorian & 1345-1357 Bengali Calendar
There
is currently debate about whether the Bengali Calendar is correct. If there is anybody out there who knows further
detail on the matter let me know how to correct it.
_____1939.
A.D. / 1345&1346 Bengali Era______________
1939: January – 1345 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1345 Poush
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1345 Poush/Magh 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1345 Magh 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1345 Magh 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
29 30 31
1345 Magh 16 17 18
1939: February – 1345 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1345 Magh 19 20 21 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1345 Magh 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1345 Falgun 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1345 Falgun 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
26 27 28
1345 Falgun 15 16 17
1939: March – 1345 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1345 Falgun 18 19 20 21
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1345 Falgun 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1345 Fal./Choitro 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1345 Choitro 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
26 27 28 29 30 31
1345 Choitro 13 14 15 16 17 18
1939: April – 1345/46 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1345 Choitro 19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1345 Choitro 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1345 Ch./Boishakh 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1346 Boishakh 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1346 Boishakh 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
30
1346 Boishakh 18
1939: May – 1346 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1346 Boishakh 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1346 Boishakh 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1346 Joyeshtho 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1346 Joyeshtho 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 29 30 31
1346 Joyeshtho 15 16 17 18
1939: June – 1346 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1346 Joyeshtho 19 20 21
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1346 Joyeshtho 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1346 Jy./Asharh 29 30 31 32 1 2 3
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1346 Asharh 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
25 26 27 28 29 30
1346 Asharh 11 12 13 14 15 16
1939: July – 1346 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1346 Asharh 17
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1346 Asharh 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1346 Asharh 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1346 Shrabon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1346 Shrabon 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30 31
1346 Shrabon 15 16
1939: August – 1346 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1346 Shrabon 17 18 19 20 21
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1346 Shrabon 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1346 Sh./Bhadro 29 30 31 32 1 2 3
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1346 Bhadro 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6
27 28 29 30 31
1346 Bhadro 11 12 13 14 15
1939: September – 1346 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1346 Bhadro 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1346 Bhadro 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1346 Bhadro 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1346 Ashwin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1346 Ashwin 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1939: October – 1346 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1346 Ashwin 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1346 Ashwin 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1346 As./
Kartik 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1346 Kartik 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
29 30 31
1346 Kartik 13 14 15
1939: November – 1346 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1346 Kartik 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1346 Kartik 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1346 Ka./Ogray. 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1346 Ograhoyon 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 27 28 29 30
1346 Ograhoyon 11 12 13 14 15
1939: December – 1346 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1346 Ograhoyon 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1346 Ograhoyon 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1346 Og./
Poush 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1346 Poush 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1346 Poush 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
31
1346 Poush 16
_____1940 A.D. / 1346 & 1347
Bengali Era______________
1940: January – 1346 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1346 Poush 17 18 19 20 21 22
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1346 Poush 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1346 Magh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1346 Magh 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 29 30 31
1347 Magh 15 16 17 18
1940: February – 1346 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1346 Magh 19 20 21
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1346 Magh 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1346 Ma./Falguni 29 1 2 3 4 5 6
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1346 Falguni 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
25 26 27 28 29
1346 Falguni 14 15 16 17 18
1940: March – 1346 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1346 Falguni 19 20
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1346 Falguni 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1346 Fal./Chitra 28 29 30 1 2 3 4
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1346 Chitra 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1346 Chitra 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
31
1346 Chitra 19
1940: April – 1346/47 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1346 Chitra 20 21 22 23 24 25
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1346 Chi./
Bish 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1347 Bishakha 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1347 Bishakha 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
28 29 30
1347 Bishakha 17 18 19
1940: May – 1347 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1347 Bishakha 20 21 22 23
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1347 Bishakha 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1347 Bish./Joish. 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1347 Joishtho 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
26 27 28 29 30 31
1347 Joishtho 14 15 16 17 18 19
1940: June – 1347 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1347 Joishtho 20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1347 Joishtho 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1347 Joish./Shar 28 29 30 31 32 1 2
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1347 Shar 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1347 Shar 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
30
1347 Shar 17
1940: July – 1347 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1347 Shar 18 19 20 21 22 23
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1347 Shar 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1347 Sh./Sraboni 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1347 Sraboni 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
28 29 30 31
1347 Sraboni 14 15 16 17
1940: August – 1347 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1347 Sraboni 18 19 20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1347 Sraboni 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1347 Sra./Bhadr. 28 29 30 31 32 1 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1347 Bhadrapodo 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1347 Bhadrapodo 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1940: September – 1347 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1347 Bhadrapodo 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1347 Bhadrapodo 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1347 Bha./Ashw. 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1347 Ashwaini 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
29 30
1347 Ashwaini 14 15
1940: October – 1347 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1347 Ashwaini 16 17 18 19 20
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1347 Ashwaini 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1347 Ash./Kartik 28 29 30 1 2 3 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1347 Kartik 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
27 28 29 30 31
1347 Kartik 12 13 14 15 16
1940: November – 1347 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1347 Kartik 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1347 Kartik 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1347 Kar./Ogray. 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1347 Ograhoyon 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1347 Ograhoyon 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1940: December – 1346 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1347 Ograhoyon 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1347 Ograhoyon 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1349 Poush 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1349 Poush 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
29 30 31
1349 Poush 15 16 17
_____1941 A.D. / 1347 & 1348
Bengali Era______________
1941: January – 1347 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1347 Poush 18 19 20 21
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1347 Poush 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1347 Magh 29 1 2 3 4 5 6
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1347 Magh 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
26 27 28 29 30 31
1347 Magh 14 15 16 17 18 19
1941: February – 1347 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1347 Magh 20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1347 Magh 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1347 Falguni 28 29 30 1 2 3 4
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1347 Falguni 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
23 24 25 26 27 28
1347 Falguni 12 13 14 15 16 17
1941: March – 1347 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1347 Falguni 18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1347 Falguni 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1347 Falguni 26 27 28 29 1 2 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1347 Chitra 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1347 Chitra 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
30 31
1347 Chitra 18 19
1941: April – 1347/48 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1347 Chitra 20 21 22 23 24
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1347 Chitra 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1348 Bishakha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1348 Bishakha 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
27 28 29 30
1348 Bishakha 15 16 17 18
1941: May – 1348 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1348 Bishakha 19 20 21
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1348 Bishakha 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1348 Joishtho 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1348 Joishtho 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1348 Joishtho 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1941: June – 1348 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1348 Joishtho 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1348 Joishtho 26 27 28 29 30 31 1
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1348 Shar 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1348 Shar 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
29 30
1348 Shar 16 17
1941: July – 1348 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1348 Shar 18 19 20 21 22
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1348 Shar 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1348 Sraboni 30 31 32 1 2 3 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1348 Sraboni 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
27 28 29 30 31
1348 Sraboni 12 13 14 15 16
1941: August – 1348 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1348 Sraboni 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1348 Sraboni 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1348 Sraboni 26 27 28 29 30 31 1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1348 Bhadrapodo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1348 Bhadrapodo 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
31
1348 Bhadrapodo 16
1941: September – 1348 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1348 Bhadrapodo 17 18 19 20 21 22
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1348 Bhadrapodo 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1348 Ashwaini 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1348 Ashwaini 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
28 29 30
1348 Ashwaini 13 14 15
1941: October – 1348 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1348 Ashwaini 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1348 Ashwaini 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1348 Kartik 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1348 Kartik 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
26 27 28 29 30 31
1348 Kartik 10 11 12 13 14 15
1941: November – 1348 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1348 Kartik 16
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1348 Kartik 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1348 Ograhoyon 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1348 Ograhoyon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1348 Ograhoyon 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30
1348 Ograhoyon 15
1941: December – 1348 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1348 Ograhoyon 16 17 18 19 20 21
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1348 Ograhoyon 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1348 Poush 29 1 2 3 4 5 6
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1348 Poush 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
28 29 30 31
1348 Poush 14 15 16 17
_____1942 A.D. / 1348 & 1349
Bengali Era______________
1942: January – 1348 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1348 Poush 18 19 20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1348 Poush 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1348 Poush 28 29 1 2 3 4 5
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1348 Magh 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1348 Magh 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1942: February – 1348 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1348 Magh 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1348 Magh 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1348 Falguni 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1348 Falguni 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1942: March – 1348 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1348 Falguni 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1348 Falguni 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1348 Chitra 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1348 Chitra 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
29 30 31
1348 Chitra 16 17 18
1942: April – 1348/49 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1348 Chitra 19 20 21 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1348 Chitra 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1349 Bishakha 30 1 2 3 4 5 6
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1349 Bishakha 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
26 27 28 29 30
1349 Bishakha 14 15 16 17 18
1942: May – 1349 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1349 Bishakha 19 20
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1349 Bishakha 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1349 Joishtho 28 29 30 31 1 2 3
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1349 Joishtho 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1349 Joishtho 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
31
1349 Joishtho 18
1942: June – 1349 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1349 Joishtho 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1349 Joishtho 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1349 Shar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1349 Shar 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 29 30
1349 Shar 15 16 17
1942: July – 1349 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1349 Shar 18 19 20 21
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1349 Shar 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1349 Sraboni 29 30 31 32 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1349 Sraboni 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 27 28 29 30 31
1349 Sraboni 11 12 13 14 15 16
1942: August – 1349 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1349 Sraboni 17
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1349 Sraboni 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1349 Bhadrapodo 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1349 Bhadrapodo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1349 Bhadrapodo 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30 31
1349 Bhadrapodo 15 16
1942: September – 1349 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1349 Bhadrapodo 17 18 19 20 21
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1349 Bhadrapodo 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1349 Ashwaini 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1349 Ashwaini 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
27 28 29 30
1349 Ashwaini 12 13 14 15
1942: October – 1349 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1349 Ashwaini 16 17 18
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1349 Ashwaini 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1349 Kartik 26 27 28 29 30 31 1
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1349 Kartik 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1349 Kartik 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1942: November – 1349 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1349 Kartik 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1349 Kartik 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1349 Kartik 30 1 2 3 4 5 6
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1349 Ograhoyon 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
29 30
1349 Ograhoyon 14 15
1942: December – 1349 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1349 Ograhoyon 16 17 18 19 20
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1349 Ograhoyon 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1349 Poush 28 29 1 2 3 4 5
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1349 Poush 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
27 28 29 30 31
1349 Poush 13 14 15 16 17
_____1943 A.D. / 1349 & 1350 Bengali
Era______________
1943: January – 1349 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1349 Poush 18 19
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1349 Poush 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1349 Magh 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1349 Magh 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1349 Magh 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
31
1349 Magh 18
1943: February– 1349 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1349 Magh 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1349 Magh 25 26 27 28 29 1 2
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1349 Falguni 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1349 Falguni 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
28
1349 Falguni 17
1943: March – 1349 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1349 Falguni 18 19 20 21 22 23
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1349 Falguni 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1349 Chitra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1349 Chitra 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 29 30 31
1349 Chitra 15 16 17 18
1943: April – 1349/50 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1349 Chitra 19 20 21
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1349 Chitra 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1350 Bishakha 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1350 Bishakha 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
25 26 27 28 29 30
1350 Bishakha 13 14 15 16 17 18
1943: May – 1350 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1350 Bishakha 19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1350 Bishakha 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1350 Bishakha 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1350 Joishtho 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1350 Joishtho 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
30 31
1350 Joishtho 17 18
1943: June – 1350
Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1350 Joishtho 19 20 21 22 23
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1350 Joishtho 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1350 Joish./Shar 31 32 1 2 3 4 5
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1350 Shar 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
27 28 29 30
1350 Shar 13 14 15 16
1943: July – 1350 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1350 Shar 17 18 19
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1350 Shar 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1350 Shar
/Srab. 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1350 Sraboni 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1350 Sraboni 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1943: August – 1350 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1350 Sraboni 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1350 Sraboni 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1350 Srab./Bhadr. 31 32 1 2 3 4 5
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1350 Bhadrapodo 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
29 30 31
1350 Bhadrapodo 13 14 15
1943: September – 1350 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1350 Bhadrapodo 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1350 Bhadrapodo 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1350 Bhadr./Ashw. 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1350 Ashwaini 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
26 27 28 29 30 31
1350 Ashwaini 10 11 12 13 14 15
1943: October – 1350 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1350 Ashwaini 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1350 Ashwaini 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1350 Ashwaini 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1350 Kartik 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1350 Kartik 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
31
1350 Kartik 15
1943: November – 1350 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1350 Kartik 16 17 18 19 20 21
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1350 Kartik 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1350 Kartik
/Ogr. 20 30 1 2 3 4 5
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1350 Ograhoyon 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
28 29 30
1350 Ograhoyon 13 14 15
1943: December – 1350 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1350 Ograhoyon 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1350 Ograhoyon 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1350 Ogr./Poush 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1350 Poush 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 27 28 29 30 31
1350 Poush 11 12 13 14 15 16
_____1944 A.D. / 1350 & 1351
Bengali Era______________
1944: January – 1350 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1350 Poush 17
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1350 Poush 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1350 Magh 25 26 27 28 29 1 2
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1350 Magh 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1350 Magh 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
30 31
1350 Magh 17 18
1944: February – 1350 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1350 Magh 19 20 21 22 23
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1350 Ma./Falgun 24 25 26 27 28 29 1
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1350 Falguni 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1350 Falguni 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
27 28 29
1350 Falguni 16 17 18
1944: March – 1350 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1350 Falguni 19 20 21 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1350 Falguni 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1350 Fa./Chitra 30 1 2 3 4 5 6
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1350 Chitra 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
26 27 28 29 30 31
1350 Chitra 14 15 16 17 18 19
1944: April – 1350/51 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1350 Chitra 20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1350 Chitra 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1350 Ch./
Bishakha 28 29 30 31 1 2 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1351 Bishakha 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1351 Bishakha 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
30
1351 Bishakha 18
1944: May – 1351 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1351 Bishakha 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1351 Bi./
Joishtho 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1351 Joishtho 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1351 Joishtho 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
28 29 30 31
1351 Joishtho 16 17 18 19
1944: June – 1351 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1351 Joishtho 20 21 22
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1351 Joishtho 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1351 Jo./Shar 30 31 32 1 2 3 4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1351 Shar 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
25 26 27 28 29 30
1351 Shar 12 13 14 15 16 17
1944: July – 1351 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1351 Shar 18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1351 Shar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1351 Shar 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1351 Sraboni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1351 Sraboni 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30 31
1351 Sraboni 15 16
1944: August – 1351 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1351 Sraboni 17 18 19 20 21
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1351 Sraboni 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1351 Sr./Bhadr. 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1351 Bhadrapodo 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
27 28 29 30 31
1351 Bhadrapodo 12 13 14 15 16
1944: September – 1351 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1351 Bhadrapodo 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1351 Bhadrapodo 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1351 Bh./Ashwaini 26 27 28 29 30 31 1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1351 Ashwaini 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1351 Ashwaini 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1944: October – 1351 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1351 Ashwaini 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1351 Ashwaini 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1351 Ash./Kartik 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1351 Kartik 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
29 30 31
1351 Kartik 13 14 15
1944: November – 1351 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1351 Kartik 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1351 Kartik 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1351 Ka./Ogray. 27 28 29 1 2 3 4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1351 Ograhoyon 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
26 27 28 29 30
1351 Ograhoyon 12 13 14 15 16
1944: December – 1351 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1351 Ograhoyon 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1351 Ograhoyon 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1351 Ogr./Poush 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1351 Poush 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1351 Poush 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
31
1351 Poush 17
_____1945 A.D. / 1351 & 1352
Bengali Era______________
1945: January – 1351 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1351 Poush 18 19 20 21 22 23
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1351 Pou./
Magh 24 25 26 27 28 29 1
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1351 Magh 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1351 Magh 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
28 29 30 31
1351 Magh 16 17 18 19
1945: February – 1351 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1351 Magh 20 21 22
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1351 Magh 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1351 Ma./Falguni 30 1 2 3 4 5 6
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1351 Falguni 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
25 26 27 28
1351 Falguni 14 15 16 17
1945: March – 1351 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1351 Falguni 18 19 20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1351 Falguni 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1351 Fal./Chitra 28 29 1 2 3 4 5
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1351 Chitra 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1351 Chitra 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1945: April – 1351/52 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1351 Chitra 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1351 Ch./
Bishak. 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1352 Bishakha 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1352 Bishakha 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
29 30
1352 Bishakha 17 18
1945: May – 1352 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1352 Bishakha 19 20 21 22 23
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1352 Bishakha 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1352 Bish./Joish. 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1352 Joishtho 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
27 28 29 30 31
1352 Joishtho 14 15 16 17 18
1945: June – 1352 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1352 Joishtho 19 20
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1352 Joishtho 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1352 Joish./Shar 28 29 30 31 1 2 3
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1352 Shar 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1352 Shar 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1945: July – 1352 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1352 Shar 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1352 Shar 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1352 Shar./Srab. 32 1 2 3 4 5 6
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1352 Sraboni 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
29 30 31
1352 Sraboni 14 15 16
1945: August – 1352 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1352 Sraboni 17 18 19 20
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1352 Sraboni 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1352 Srab./Bhadr. 28 29 30 31 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1352 Bhadrapodo 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 27 28 29 30 31
1352 Bhadrapodo 11 12 13 14 15 16
1945: September – 1352 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1352 Bhadrapodo 17
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1352 Bhadrapodo 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1352 Bhadrapodo 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1352 Ashwaini 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1352 Ashwaini 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30
1352 Ashwaini 15
1945: October – 1352 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1352 Ashwaini 16 17 18 19 20 21
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1352 Ashwaini 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1352 Ash./Kartik 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1352 Kartik 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
28 29 30 31
1352 Kartik 12 13 14 15
1945: November – 1352 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1352 Kartik 16 17 18
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1352 Kartik 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1352 Kar./Ogray. 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1352 Ograhoyon 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 26 27 28 29 30
1352 Ograhoyon 10 11 12 13 14 15
1945: December – 1352 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1352 Ograhoyon 16
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1352 Ograhoyon 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1352 Ogr./
Poush 24 25 26 27 28 29 1
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1352 Poush 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1352 Poush 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
30 31
1352 Poush 16 17
_____1946 A.D. / 1352 & 1353
Bengali Era______________
1946: January – 1352 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1352 Poush 18 19 20 21 22
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1352 Poush 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1352 Magh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1352 Magh 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
27 28 29 30 31
1352 Magh 15 16 17 18 19
1946: February – 1352 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1352 Magh 20 21
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1352 Magh 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1352 Ma./Falguni 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1352 Falguni 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
24 25 26 27 28
1352 Falguni 13 14 15 16 17
1946: March – 1352 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1352 Falguni 18 19
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1352 Falguni 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1352 Fal./Chitra 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1352 Chitra 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1352 Chitra 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
31
1352 Chitra 18
1946: April – 1352/53 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1352 Chitra 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1352 Ch./
Bish. 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1353 Bishakha 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1353 Bishakha 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
28 29 30
1353 Bishakha 16 17 18
1946: May – 1353 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1353 Bishakha 19 20 21 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1353 Bishakha 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1353 Bish./Joish. 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1353 Joishtho 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
26 27 28 29 30 31
1353 Joishtho 13 14 15 16 17 18
1946: June – 1353 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1353 Joishtho 19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1353 Joishtho 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1353 Joish./Ashar 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1353 Asharh 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1353 Asharh 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
30
1353 Asharh 17
1946: July – 1353 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1353 Asharh 18 19 20 21 22 23
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1353 Asharh 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1353 Ash./Sraboni 31 32 1 2 3 4 5
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1353 Sraboni 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
28 29 30 31
1353 Sraboni 13 14 15 16
1946: August – 1353 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1353 Sraboni 17 18 19
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1353 Sraboni 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1353 Sr./Bhadr. 27 28 29 30 31 32 1
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1353 Bhadrapodo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1353 Bhadrapodo 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1946: September – 1353 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1353 Bhadrapodo 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1353 Bhadrapodo 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1353 Bha./Ashw. 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1353 Ashwaini 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
29 30
1353 Ashwaini 13 14
1946: October – 1353 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1353 Ashwaini 15 16 17 18 19
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1353 Ashwaini 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1353 Ash./Kartik 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1353 Kartik 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
27 28 29 30 31
1353 Kartik 11 12 13 14 15
1946: November – 1353 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1353 Kartik 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1353 Kartik 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1353 Ka./Ogray. 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1353 Ograhoyon 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1353 Ograhoyon 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1946: December – 1353 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1353 Ograhoyon 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1353 Ograhoyon 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1353 Poush 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1353 Poush 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
29 30 31
1353 Poush 15 16 17
_____1947 A.D. / 1353 & 1354
Bengali Era______________
1947: January – 1353 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1353 Poush 18 19 20 21
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1353 Poush 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1353 Pou./Magh 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1353 Magh 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
26 27 28 29 30 31
1353 Magh 13 14 15 16 17 18
1947: February – 1353 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1353 Magh 19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1353 Magh 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1353 Ma./Falg. 27 28 29 1 2 3 4
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1353 Falguni 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
23 24 25 26 27 28
1353 Falguni 12 13 14 15 16 17
1947: March – 1353 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1353 Falguni 18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1353 Falguni 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1353 Fal./Chitra 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1353 Chitra 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1353 Chitra 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
30 31
1353 Chitra 17 18
1947: April – 1353/54 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1353 Chitra 19 20 21 22 23
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1353 Chitra 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1354 Bishakha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1354 Bishakha 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
27 28 29 30
1354 Bishakha 15 16 17 18
1947: May – 1354 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1354 Bishakha 19 20 21
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1354 Bishakha 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1354 Bish./Joish. 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1354 Joishtho 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1354 Joishtho 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1947: June – 1354 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1354 Joishtho 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1354 Joishtho 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1354 Shar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1354 Shar 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
29 30
1354 Shar 15 16
1947: July – 1354 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1354 Shar 17 18 19 20 21
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1354 Shar 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1354 Sh./Sraboni 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1354 Sraboni 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
27 28 29 30 31
1354 Sraboni 12 13 14 15 16
1947: August – 1354 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1354 Sraboni 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1354 Sraboni 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1354 Sraboni 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1354 Bhadrapodo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1354 Bhadrapodo 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
31
1354 Bhadrapodo 15
1947: September – 1354 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1354 Bhadrapodo 16 17 18 19 20 21
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1354 Bhadrapodo 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1354 Bh./Ashwaini 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1354 Ashwaini 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
28 29 30
1354 Ashwaini 12 13 14
1947: October – 1354 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1354 Ashwaini 15 16 17 18
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1354 Ashwaini 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1354 Ash./Kartik 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1354 Kartik 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
26 27 28 29 30 31
1354 Kartik 10 11 12 13 14 15
1947: November – 1354 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1354 Kartik 16
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1354 Kartik 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1354 Kartik 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1354 Ograhoyon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1354 Ograhoyon 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30
1354 Ograhoyon 15
1947: December – 1354 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1354 Ograhoyon 16 17 18 19 20 21
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1354 Ograhoyon 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1354 Ogr./Poush 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1354 Poush 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
28 29 30 31
1354 Poush 13 14 15 16
_____1948 A.D. / 1354 & 1355
Bengali Era______________
1948: January – 1354 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1354 Poush 17 18 19
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1354 Poush 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1354 Pou./Magh 27 28 29 1 2 3 4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1354 Magh 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1354 Magh 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1948: February – 1354 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1354 Magh 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1354 Ma./
Falguni 26 27 28 29 1 2 3
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1354 Falguni 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1354 Falguni 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
29
1354 Falguni 18
1948: March – 1354 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1354 Falguni 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1354 Fal./
Chitra 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1354 Chitra 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1354 Chitra 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
28 29 30 31
1354 Chitra 16 17 18 19
1948: April – 1354/55 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1354 Chitra 20 21 22
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1354 Chitra 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1355 Ch./ishakha 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1355 Bishakha 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
25 26 27 28 29 30
1355 Bishakha 13 14 15 16 17 18
1948: May – 1355 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1355 Bishakha 19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1355 Bishakha 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1355 Bish./
Joish 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1355 Joishtho 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1355 Joishtho 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
30 31
1355 Joishtho 18 19
1948: June – 1355 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1355 Joishtho 20 21 22 23 24
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1355 Joishtho 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1355 Joish./Shar 32 1 2 3 4 5 6
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1355 Shar 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
27 28 29 30
1355 Shar 14 15 16 17
1948: July – 1355 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1355 Shar 18 19 20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1355 Shar 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1355 Sh./Sraboni 28 29 30 31 32 1 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1355 Sraboni 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1355 Sraboni 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1948: August – 1355 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1355 Sraboni 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1355 Sraboni 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1355 Sr./Bhadr. 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1355 Bhadrapodo 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
29 30 31
1355 Bhadrapodo 14 15 16
1948: September – 1355 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1355 Bhadrapodo 17 18 19 20
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1355 Bhadrapodo 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1355 Bh./Ashwaini 28 29 30 31 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1355 Ashwaini 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 27 28 29 30
1355 Ashwaini 11 12 13 14 15
1948: October – 1355 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1355 Ashwaini 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1355 Ashwaini 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1355 Ash./Kartik 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1355 Kartik 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1355 Kartik 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
31
1355 Kartik 16
1948: November – 1355 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1355 Kartik 17 18 19 20 21 22
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1355 Kartik 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1355 Ka./Ogray. 30 1 2 3 4 5 6
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1355 Ograhoyon 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
28 29 30
1355 Ograhoyon 14 15 16
1948: December – 1355 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1355 Ograhoyon 17 18 19 20
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1355 Ograhoyon 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1355 Ogr./Poush 28 29 30 1 2 3 4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1355 Poush 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
26 27 28 29 30 31
1355 Poush 12 13 14 15 16 17
_____1949 A.D. / 1355 & 1356
Bengali Era______________
1949: January – 1355 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1355 Poush 18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1355 Poush 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1355 Pou./Magh 26 27 28 29 1 2 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1355 Magh 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1355 Magh 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
30 31
1355 Magh 18 19
1949: February – 1355 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1355 Magh 20 21 22 23 24
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1355 Ma./Falguni 25 26 27 28 29 30 1
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1355 Falguni 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1355 Falguni 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
27 28
1355 Falguni 16 17
1949: March – 1355 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1355 Falguni 18 19 20 21 22
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1355 Falguni 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1355 Chitra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1355 Chitra 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
27 28 29 30 31
1355 Chitra 15 16 17 18 19
1949: April – 1355/56 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1355 Chitra 20 21
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1355 Chitra 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1356 Ch./Bishak. 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1356 Bishakha 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1356 Bishakha 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1949: May – 1356 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1356 Bishakha 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1356 Bish./
Joish 26 27 28 29 30 31 1
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1356 Joishtho 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1356 Joishtho 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
29 30 31
1356 Joishtho 16 17 18
1949: June – 1356 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1356 Joishtho 19 20 21 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1356 Joishtho 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1356 Joi./Shar 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1356 Shar 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
26 27 28 29 30
1356 Shar 13 14 15 16 17
1949: July – 1356 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1356 Shar 18 19
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1356 Shar 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1356 Sh./Sraboni 27 28 29 30 31 32 1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1356 Sraboni 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1356 Sraboni 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
31
1356 Sraboni 16
1949: August – 1356 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1356 Sraboni 17 18 19 20 21 22
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1356 Sraboni 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1356 Sr./Bhadr. 30 31 1 2 3 4 5
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1356 Bhadrapodo 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
28 29 30 31
1356 Bhadrapodo 13 14 15 16
1949: September – 1356 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1356 Bhadrapodo 17 18 19
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1356 Bhadrapodo 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1356 Bh./Ashwaini 27 28 29 30 31 1 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1356 Ashwaini 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 26 27 28 29 30
1356 Ashwaini 10 11 12 13 14 15
1949: October – 1356 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1356 Ashwaini 16
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1356 Ashwaini 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1356 Ashwaini 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1356 Ash./Kartik 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1356 Kartik 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
30 31
1356 Kartik 14 15
1949: November – 1356 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1356 Kartik 16 17 18 19 20
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1356 Kartik 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1356 Ka./Ogray. 28 29 30 1 2 3 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1356 Ograhoyon 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
27 28 29 30
1356 Ograhoyon 12 13 14 15
1949: December – 1356 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1356 Ograhoyon 16 17 18
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1356 Ograhoyon 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1356 Ogr./Poush 26 27 28 29 1 2 3
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1356 Poush 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1356 Poush 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
_____1950 A.D. / 1356 & 1357
Bengali Era______________
1950: January – 1356 Poush/Magh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1356 Poush 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1356 Pou./
Magh 25 26 27 28 29 1 2
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1356 Magh 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1356 Magh 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
29 30 31
1356 Magh 17 18 19
1950: February – 1356 Magh/Falgun
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1356 Magh 20 21 22 23
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1356 Magh 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1356 Falguni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1356 Falguni 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
26 27 28
1356 Falguni 15 16 17
1950: March – 1356 Falgun/Choitro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1356 Falguni 18 19 20 21
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1356 Falguni 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1356 Fal./Chitra 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1356 Chitra 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
26 27 28 29 30 31
1356 Chitra 13 14 15 16 17 18
1950: April – 1356/57 Choitro/Boishakh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1356 Chitra 19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1356 Chitra 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1357 Chi./Bishak. 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1357 Bishakha 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1357 Bishakha 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
30
1357 Bishakha 18
1950: May – 1357 Boishakh/Joyeshtho
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1357 Bishakha 19 20 21 22 23 24
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1357 Bishakha 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1357 Joishtho 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1357 Joishtho 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 29 30 31
1357 Joishtho 15 16 17 18
1950: June – 1357 Joyeshtho/Asharh
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3
1357 Joishtho 19 20 21
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1357 Joishtho 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1357 Joi./Shar 29 30 31 1 2 3 4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1357 Shar 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
25 26 27 28 29 30
1357 Shar 12 13 14 15 16 17
1950: July – 1357 Asharh/Shrabon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1
1357 Shar 18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1357 Shar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1357 Sraboni 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1357 Sraboni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1357 Sraboni 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
30 31
1357 Sraboni 15 16
1950: August – 1357 Shrabon/Bhadro
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5
1357 Sraboni 17 18 19 20 21
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1357 Sraboni 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1357 Sr./Bhadrap. 29 30 31 32 1 2 3
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1357 Bhadrapodo 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
27 28 29 30 31
1357 Bhadrapodo 11 12 13 14 15
1950: September – 1357 Bhadro/Ashwin
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1357 Bhadrapodo 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1357 Bhadrapodo 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1357 Bhadrapodo 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1357 Ashwaini 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1357 Ashwaini 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1950: October – 1357 Ashwin/Kartik
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1357 Ashwaini 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1357 Ashwaini 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1357 Ash./Kartik 29 30 1 2 3 4 5
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
1357 Kartik 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
29 30 31
1357 Kartik 13 14 15
1950: November – 1357 Kartik/Ograhoyon
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2 3 4
1357 Kartik 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1357 Kartik 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1357 Kar./Ogray. 27 28 29 30 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1357 Ograhoyon 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 27 28 29 30
1357 Ograhoyon 11 12 13 14 15
1950: December – 1357 Ograhoyon/Poush
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Bengali Robib
Shomb. Mong.. Budhb. Bryh. Shukr. Shonib.
1 2
1357 Ograhoyon 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1357 Ograhoyon 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1357 Ogr./Poush 25 26 27 28 29 1 2
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1357 Poush 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1357 Poush 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
31
1357 Poush 17
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